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Denise Urzua Period 5 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Denise Urzua Period 5 Nervous System
Major parts and Functions of the spinal cord
Ventral Roots: Bundle of motor neurons that exit the spinal cord
Dorsal Roots: Sensory input to roots
Spinal nerves: formed by the dorsal and ventral roots
Central Canal: Filled with cerebral spinal and runs the length of the spinal cord
Function: Provides two way communicate with brain and body and major reflex center
Major divisions and subdivsions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System: Contains brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: Contains spinal and cranial nerves
Sensory (afferent) divison: Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers; Conducts impulses from receptor to the CNS
Motor (efferent) division: Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary motor nerve fibers; Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac, smooth, and glands
Parasympathetic division; Promotes maintenance functions, conserves engery
Sympathetic division: Mobilizes body during activity
Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary motor nerve fibers; Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
Cranial Nerves:
VII- Facial Nerves: Fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meatuses and emerge through stylomastoid foramina to lateral aspect of face; Motor functions: facial expressions; Sensory function: taste
VIII-Vestibulocochlear: Afferent fibers from hearing receptors (cochlear division) and equilibrium receptors (vestibular division); Formerly auditory nerve
VI-Abducens nerves: Fibers from inferior pons enter orbits via superior orbital fissure
XI- Accessory nerves: Formerly spinal accessory nerve; Formed from ventral rootles from C1 to C5 region of spinal cord
V-Trigeminal nerve: includes Ophthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), and Mandibular (V3)
IX-Glossopharyngeal nerves: Fibers from medulla leave skull via jugular and run throat; controls taste, part of tongue and pharynx
IV-Trochlear nerve: Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
X- Vagus nerve: Sensory fiber that carries out impulse; helps regulate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
III-Oculomotor nerves: Function in rising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris and controlling lens shape
II-Optic nerves: Aries from retinas; Purely sensory (visual) function
I-Olfactory Nerve: Sensory nerves of smell; Purely sensory (olfactory) function
XII-Hypoglossal nerve: Helps the tongue with swallowing and speaking
Classification of Neurons
Structural Classification
Multipolar: 3 or more process (1 axon, other dendrites)
Bipolar: 2 processes (1 axon and 1 dendrites); most common seen in CNS.
Unipolar: one T like process (2 axon); known as pseudo unipolar found in PNS
Functional Classification
Sensory: Transmits impulses from sensory receptors towards CNS
Motor: Carries impulses from CNS to effectors
Interneurons: Between motor and sensory nerves shuttle signals through CNS pathway
Drug Abuse (mouse party)
Marijuana: Effects dopamine and inhibitory transmitter; THC binds to cannabinoid receptors-Inhibition is turned off and dopamine goes into synapse; removes unnecessary short term memories- slows down movement leaving people to feel calm and relaxed
Ecstasy: Effects neurotransmitter; The neurotransmitter gets confused and it transported out of the cell- Overstimulating of the cell is caused by neurotransmitters binding to receptor; affects mood, sleep, perception and appetite
Meth: Affects dopamine neurotransmitter; Dopamine neurotransmitter is pumped out of the cell-excess is trapped in cleft and binds again and again onto receptor: causes feeling of intense pleasure and exhilaration
Cocaine: Effects dopamine neurotransmitter; affects voluntary movement; cocaine traps neurotransmitter in cleft causing dopamine to bind again resulting in overstimulate
Heroine: Effects dopamine and inhibitory neurotransmitter; the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter is shut down- the heroine activates opiate receptors; makes the feeling of sedation/numb and happy-affects pain, stress response and emotional attachment
Alcohol: GABA inhibitory neurotransmitters and gulmates are effected; makes GABA receptors more inhibitory-Alcohol binds to receptor preventing glumate from exciting the cell; Affects memory formation, decision making and impulse control
LSD: Affects serotonin neurotransmitters; LSD binding to receptor-interacts with specfic receptors not always in the same way, may excite or inhibit receptors
Connective Tissue Coverings: Covers and protects the brain
Arachnoid mater: Second layer of the meninges
Dura mater: First layer of the meninges
Pia mater: Third layer of the meninges
Major Parts and Functions of brain
Cerebral hemispheres
Temporal lobe: Hearing, learning, visual memory, and language
Occipital lobe: Visual processing center of brain
Parietal lobes: Controls taste, hearing, touch, sight, and smell
Frontal lobe: Control voluntary movement, planning, motivation, and emotion
Brainstem:
Pons: carries out unconscious tasks and functions, like as breathing and your sleep-wake cycle.
Medulla Oblongata: helps regulate essential functions including your breathing, blood pressure, and heartbeat.
Midbrain: It functions as a kind of relay station for auditory and visual information and is connected to vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature
Cerebellum: helps with balance and coordination of movement
Action Potential and Nerve Impulse
3) Repolarization: Na^+ channels are inactivating and K^+ channels open, membrane returns to resting membrane potential
4) Hyperpolarization: Same K^+ remain open and N^+ channels reset
2) Depolarization: Na^+ channels open
1) Resting state: All gated Na^+ and K^+ are closed
Tissues (structure & function of neurons and neuroglia)
Neuroglia in CNS: small cells that wrap around delicate neurons
Ependymal: Range in shape from squamous to columnar; forms barrier between CSF; lines cavities in brain and spinal cord
Microglial: Small, ovoid cells with thorny process that touch and monitor
Astrocytes: Most abundant, versatile and highly branched of glial cells; supports and braces neurons
Oligodendrocytes: Branches cells; process wraps around CNS nerve fibers; forms insulating sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
Neurons : Structural units of the nervous system; conducts impulses
Neuroglial in PNS
Satellite Cells: surround neuron cell bodies in PNS; Similar functions to astrocytes
Schwann cells: Similar functions to oligodendrocytes; forms myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fiber
Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs; named by point of issue; supplies everywhere but head and part of neck; 12 pair thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves
Major Functions of the Nervous System: Sensory input, integration, and motor output
Sensory Input: Information gained by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Motor Output: Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response
Integration: Processing and interpretation of sensory input
Neurotransmitters
Classification based on Chemical Structures
Catecholamines: Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine; made out of amino acid tyrosine
Indolamines: Serotonin-made out of amino acid tryptophan; Histamine-made up of amino acid histidine
Purines: Monomers of nucleic acids that have the same effect in both CNS and PNS
Peptides (neuropeptides): has diverse functions and made of strings of amino acids
Functional Classification
Effect
Excitatory (depolarizing) vs inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)
Action
Direct Action ( neurotransmitter bind directly to and opens ion channels) vs Indirect action (neurotransmitter acts through intracellular
Disorders and Diseases
Huntington's Disease: Genetic disorder caused by too much protein (huntingtin); Symptoms: Jerky movements; Fatal 15 years onset; Treatment: drug that blocks dopamine effect
Parkinson's Disease: Tremors at rest; Degeneration of dopamine; Treatment: L-dopa, deep brain stimulation, gene therapy
Alzheimer's Disease: Progessive degenerative disease; Symptoms: memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss, irritability, moodiness, confusion, and hallucinations; Causes: hereditary, family history, age over 60
Autism; Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate; Causes: Family history, hereditary, environmental; Symptoms: Anxiety, depression, repeated behaviors; Treatment: medication, coping skill, specialized therapy
Spinal cord Injury: Damage to the spinal cord; Causes: Direct injury or disease, assault, fall, accident; Symptoms: Weakness, loss of feeling below damaged sites, pain and or numbness; Treatment: Surgery, bed rest, spinal cord traction
Meningitis: Infection in the meninges surrounding the brain; Causes: Bacteria or viral infection, tumors, drug allergies; Symptoms: Fevers & chills, stiff neck, sensitivity to light; Treatment: Bacterial- Hospitalization, Antibiotics, prevention with vaccination
Cerebrovascular Stroke: Occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted; Cause: Diabetes, high cholesterol Increasing age; Symptoms: severe headache, change in alertness, muscle weakness or numbness; Treatment: Hospitalization, clot busting medicine, blood thinners
Reflex arc (parts and function)
Receptor: Detects stimulus
Sensory Neuron: Sends message to CNS
CNS Integration Center: Process information and determines action
Motor Neuron: sends commands from the brain to the muscle to perform the functions
Effector: acts in response to stimulus
Autonomic Nervous System (compare and contrast)
Parasympathetic Division and Sympathetic Division: Parasympathetic division fiber are from in the brainstem or sacral spinal cord while sympathetic division is from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; Parasympathetic division has long preganglionic fibers and short ganglionic fiber in sympathetic division it is opposite; Parasympathetic division has ganglia near visceral effector organs and sympathetic ganglia is close to the spinal cord