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CELL AND DIVISION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Takes part during cell division.
  - - - In plant cells and some living things, there is a structure called the cell wall (cell wall) that surrounds the cell membrane and gives the cell resistance. It is not alive
    - - It is found mostly in the green parts of the plants. The chlorophyll/klorofil molecule gives this green color, and chloroplasts have chlorophyll. It is the site of photosynthesis.
        They produce food and oxygen, with the help of sunlight. This is called photosynthesis.
    - - Gives the yellow, orange and red color to the plant parts. It may be found in roots, flowers, fruits and seeds of a plant.
    - - It doesn't contain any color pigments. It is found in the roots, rhizomes and seeds of a plant. It usually stores starch, and sometimes lipids and proteins.
  - - - The first person to observe
        alive cells was Anton Van
        Leeuwenhoek in 1674.
  - - - cell membrane
        
        All cells are surrounded externally by a cell membrane. It surrounds and shapes the cell from the outside. It is alive. It is Selectively permeable. The cell membrane is the part where the exchange of substances is controlled.
      - Cytoplasm
        
        It is a semi-fluid and egg-white liquid. Much of it is water.
      - Nucleus
        
        Usually the largest organelle. Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. The cellular control center. It contains the DNA that directs the cell's activities. It is the control center of the cell and DNA, which is the hereditary material, is located here.
      - Ribosomes
        
        Every cell has ribosomes. It is the smallest organelle in the cell. It is responsible for protein synthesis.
      - Golgi body
        
        It packs the materials and carries them out of the cell. The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packs and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids. Its function is to secrete substances out of the cell. It is found more in structures produced by glands such as salivary, milk and sweat glands.
      - Mitochondrion
        
        It is the organelle where cellular respiration takes place. It releases the energy in the food with respiration and provides the energy needed by the cell.
      - Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        It is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. Transports materials in the cell.
      - Vacuole
        
        It is the storage area of the cell. Excess amount of food, water or waste materials are kept inside vacuoles. Plant cells usually have one or two large vacuoles, whereas animal cells have many small ones.
      - Lizozom
        
        It is a sac containing digestive enzymes. Responsible for cellular digestion.
- - - - The chromatin thread shortens-thickens and turns into a chromosome. The nuclear membrane and organelles disappear. Centrosomes move to the poles and form spindle fibers. Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers.
    - - Chromosomes line up one by one at the equator (middle section) of the cell.
    - - Chromosomes separate into sister chromatids and are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers.
    - - The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear at both poles. Spindle threads disappear. Chromosomes begin to unravel and return to chromatin. In short, the events in the prophase phase are reversed.
    - - preparatory phase
  - - - Meiosis 2
        
        Prophase 2
        
        Metaphase 2
        
        Anaphase 2
        
        Telophase 2
        
        4 (n) cells
        
        Cytokinesis is complete. 4 new cells are formed with n number of chromosomes. At the end of the universe, the chromosomes dissolve and turn into chromatin threads. The nuclear membrane is formed.
        
        Chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles.
        
        Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane of the cell.
        
        There is no interphase before this stage. Chromosomes are already paired. Centrioles begin to pull to the poles and spindle fibers are formed. Chromosomes are prominent. The nuclear membrane begins to melt.
      - Interphase
        
        Prophase 1
        
        Metaphase 1
        
        Anaphase 1
        
        Telophase 1
        
        2 (n) cells
        
        The nuclear membrane regenerates. With the division of the cytoplasm, two new cells with n number of chromosomes are formed. Chromosomes in the resulting cells are still in the form of two chromatids.
        
        Homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles and separate from each other. During this phase, the chromosome number is halved.
        
        Homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equatorial plane of the cell. The sequence occurring at this time is completely random. This is called Independent assortment. This random arrangement ensures that the chromosomes from the mother and father are mixed in the new cells to be formed. This event is the second very important factor that increases genetic diversity.
        
        Nuclear membrane breaks down. Centrioles move to the poles. Spindle fibers are formed. Homologous chromosomes come together they form pairs. Crossing-over takes place.