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HVIII - Jan Mocks - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ireland:
        
        H8 used Irish offices as rewards for his courtiers. - Henry replaces Earl of Kildare in 1519 with Thomas Howard. - Arrival in 1520 with an army effectively restored royal authority over the whole island.
        
        After several rebellions, Cromwell began interfering in Ireland to ensure that the officials appointed were loyal to him rathet than the Kildares.
      - The North:
        
        To govern this region, which the southerners deemed a foreign country, the gov set up the Council in York.
        
        Southerners often appointed to rule this region.
        
        Monasteries an integral part of northern life, which is why northerners rebelled in such large numbers in the PoG in 1536.
      - Wales:
        
        Maintaining law and order in the Welsh Marches was essential to stop rebellions. Cromwell became active in restoring good governance in Wales.
        
        Franchises Act in 1536 was an important constitutional amendment to bring the admin of the Welsh shires into line with England. Effectively abolished any rights that semi-autonomous lords had held there before.
    - - Wales:
        -Wales Act of 1536: Divided Wales into shire counties operating same way as English counties. Welsh shires got direct representations in the Commons. Wales in the same legal framework as England.
        
        Wales now incorporated into England with little separate identity except for Welsh language, est as of Acts of Union. Control over Wales continued to be exercised on Crown's behalf.
        
        Became responsibility of members of the aristocracy such as the earls of Pembroke who controlled country politics and became prominent within legal profession - elected by Parliament.
      - Ireland:
        
        In 1541, Henry adopted title King of Ireland - Crown also kept a tight control over Irish parliament and this title demonstrated his power.
- - - - YES: - Simony practiced. Involved buying and selling of positions in Church eg. for a younger son who couldn't inherit land. Led to poor quality clergy.
        
        Erasmus mocked mons, the Bishop of Exeter told Wareham not to put money into mons, but education instead.
        
        William Tyndale criticised the Church. He was a Lutheran and had followers in England. He translated the New Testament into English. Even Anne Boleyn had given one of his books to the King.
        
        Lollards wanted to reform the Church Bible into English, close the mons and remove Church property. They attacked Papal and priestly powers saying all men should be equal under the crown.
        
        Absenteeism was practiced. Due to Pluralism, a bishop could not be in 2 places at once, so one was neglected. This was usually done for financial gain as the Bishop could collect taxes from here.
        
        Some parish priests were uneducated and so unable to deliver the traditional services to the congregation. They could not understand the significance of the Mass and were unable to recite basic parts of the liturgy eg. The Lord's Prayer.
        
        In some mons, numbers were very small, some were also in a state of disrepair, and standards of morality were dropping in others.
        
        There were some very spiritual bishops (eg. Archbish Morton who tried to bring about internal reforms). Bishop Longland also tried to end pluralism and absenteeism.
        
        The Church was incredibly wealthy and got money from tithes Mortuary payments, Probate (the proving and registering of a will) and Indulgences. This was the selling of a piece of paper saying that the person should be released from purgatory.
        
        Nepotism practiced. This involved giving clerical position to a member of the family. For example, both Wolsey's illegitimate children (male and female) were given positions in church.
        
        the case of Richard Hunne caused a lot of anti-clericalsim in London, due to the fact that he had questioned Mortuary payments and had been clearly murdered as he was seen as a threat.
        
        In Buckinghamshire in the 1520s there were a small group of Prots called the Lollards.
        
        Lots of people left money to the Church for masses to be said for their soul
        
        Between 1370 and 1524, over 90% of wills in Norwich left money to the Church, and over 60% left money for prayers and masses o be said for their souls.
        
        Pluralism was an abuse in the Church. This was where 1 cleric or bishop held 2 or more positions in the church.
        
        Lutheranism was spreading from Europe to England and had a following at Cambridge University which became known as 'little Germany' by Robert Barnes, a leading Prot.
      - NO:
        
        Henry anti-Lutheran and those who read his books or preached ideas were in danger of heresy accusations and were burnt at the stake.
        
        Lutheranism confined to academic circles.
        
        Some monastic orders very holy, ex. Carthusians and Observant Franciscans - Most anticlericalism dates from 1530s and later when Prots tried to justify their destruction of the Catholic Church.
        
        In Lincoln only 4% of parishes complained about bad priests, those that did mainly moaning about absenteeism because of the age of the priest.
        
        H8 appeared to have no problem with standards of clergy. Content to use anticlericalism and radical Bishops as a way of reducing powers of the church.
        
        H8 write an attack on Luther with the help of Thomas More called 'In Defence of the 7 Sacraments'. This defended Catholic belief and H8 rewarded by the Pope with the title 'Defender of the Faith'.
        
        Many Bishops visited their diocese eg. Bishop Wareham visited Arch diocese of Canterbury between 1511-1512.
        
        Majority of priests properly trained and number of uni grads entering Church at beginning of 16th cent increasing.
      - YES - Some priests ignored celibacy vows and chastity and were known for sexual immorality ex. Wolsey had 2 or poss 3 children - Because lower clergy so poor, would earn about £10 a year and spent the week growing food, like ordinary people just to survive and so did not spend time educating laity. - 503 mons in England, 136 convents and 187 friars. few had more than 25 inmates. Lesser mons sometimes only had 4 or 5 inmates. - John Colet, humanist, launched attack on abuses of Church and preached that the holiness could only be achieved through an understanding of the scriptures. Came into conflict with Church authorities, mainly Bishop of London. - Benefit of clergy: this allowed for members of clergy who had committed serious crimes to escape trial in secular courts and instead be tried in church courts. This meant that usually they got off lightly. - Erasmus translated New Testament into Greek in 1516 and found that Latin Vulgate Bible had got the meaning of salvation wrong. - Monasticism seen as outdated and medieval. - church made lot of money from those paying to see relics and pray to them. - Wolsey closed 29 mons as they were 'decayed' (decline in monks). The Pope agreed and the money was used for charity. - Some abbots in charge of mons had grown very wealthy. The income of he great Abbeys like Glastonbury were huge, bigger than many of the gentry.
    - - MORE: - Most high profile opponent of royal divorce/changed of 1534. Replaced Wolsey as chancellor briefly after 1529, fell from favour when reluctant to support Anne Boleyn. 1534 Succession Act - makes Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs. Mary led to tower and Henry's marriage to Catherine invalid. More refuses to swear Oath of Supremacy, and is sent to tower himself. Wisely avoids further self-indictment, but trial set by Cromwell seals fate. According to Richard Rich, who became head of Augmentations in 1540, More was overheard saying he did not accept Henry as head of church. Not very concrete proof, but enough for court to rule execution necessary. More passively resistant, but still too high profile.
      - ARAGONESE:
        
        Before 1534: those who opposed reformation generally expressed sympathy towards CoA. Consisted of small group of nobles and courtiers, led by Henry Courtenay and Lords Darcy and Hussey, who supported her. Courtenay member of Privy Chamber, while Guidfors was comptroller of King's Household.
        
        1532: presence of Anne Boleyn and supporters, growing influence of Cromwell - silence in faction. Her exclusion from succession 1536 led Hussey and Darcy to support PoG, and they were execued. Courtenay did not support PoG, but was linked to activities of cousin Reginald Pole. Led to arrest and execution 1539.
      - CLERGY: - John Fisher was Bishop of Rochester since 1504 and had not shown interest in promotion or wealth. Believed that H's actions against CoA were wrong and told H so. Henry lenient, until refuses to swear Oath of Supremacy = imprisoned. Pope states Fisher to be made cardinal. H executes him first. By law, F guilty, but H's ruthlessness only increased in existence of Prot sympathisers.
      - BARTON:
        
        Visions, ill in 1521, but had been 'miraculously' cured by vision of Virgin Mary.
        
        Local fame, sent to nunnery under Dr Bocking's protection, a Canterbury monk.
        
        1528: visions focus on King's marriage. Warns of consequences if divorce carried through. Told Henry so.
        
        By 1530, Bocking develops warning into wider campaign against religious changes, humanism and Boleyn. Encourages pilgrims, publishes book describing Barton's visions. Rumours circulate, including story that angel appeared when King sent to mass and seized communion from his hands. Letters sent to More and Fisher, links established with Courtenay and Hussey, and with Carthusian monks in London who went on to form centre of resistance of Royal Supremacy, 1534. All suggests campaign prep.
        
        Cromwell acts, Barton and mentors arrested 1533. - Public humiliation at St Paul's cross: E confesses visions are false. Executed 1534.
        
        Judged could find no specific crime committed by E. Group condemn by Act of Attainder.
        
        Genuine threat.
      - MONASTIC:
        
        Strongest resistance to H.
        
        Cistercians and Benedictines, owned great rural monasteries dissolved after 1536. Not widely active, but many monks preached against divorce, supremacy etc.
        
        More significant: reaction of Carthusians, who remained closer to trad ideas of monasticism. 1532-33, refuse to accept divorce, 1534, resist gov. Pressure to agree a declaration against Pope's authority.
        
        Gov could not permit defiance after Treason Act passed, forcing Carthusians to submit, the most reluctant arrested and executed.
      - COUNTRY:
        
        Gov success containing opposition has led some to believe that resistance was weak and minimal, never threatening the King.
        
        1536 - riots in Louth in Lincolnshire. Townspeople proud of tall Church spire, complete 1515, nearly 300 ft high. 3 sets of commissioners visit town and rumours spread that King and ministers going to close all churches and increase taxes. Had large monastery, with small no monks, to be closed.
        
        Riots spread across North. At height, rebellion gathered 40,000 pilgrims in opposition to the King. Most serious challenge to royal authority in Tudor period so far.
      - SCALE OF RESISTANCE:
        
        Situation of church still bad in 1500s, most ordinary people not interested in novelties of religious doctrine. Church services not greatly altered - until English bible appeared.
        
        Cromwell made changes appear legal - passed by Act of Parliament and had approval of those in each locality. Treason Act - attempt to discourage opposition, and used to silence those necessary.
        
        Once mons dissolved, heads of religious houses given pensions and monks basic pensions. Piecemeal process by which monasteries dissolved reduced scope for opponents to mount in opposition to what was happening.
    - - 1530: MAY - Tyndale's vernacular bible burnt, seen as an attack on heresy against Catholicism. DEC - Clergy accused of praemunire.
        
        1531: FEB - Clergy pardoned. H paid £119,000 in return. FEB - Convocation of Cant recognise H as Head of the Church 'so far as law of Christ allowed'.
        
        1532: First Act of Annates - bans payments of Annates to Rome, chief source of papal revenue in England. MARCH - Supplication of the Ordinaries, Clergy to enact no Church law w/out royal permission, existing church law to be examined. MAY - Submission of Clergy - Clergy accept King and not Pope as lawmaker. More resigns following day.
        
        1533: FEB - Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome, Based on Collectanea Satis Copiosa, begins transferring papal powers to King. King now Supreme Head. Marriage to Anne valid.
        
        1534: JAN - Second Act of Annates, confirmed first one. JAN - Act to Stop Peter's Pence, abolishing payment of tax to Rome. MARCH - First Act of Succession, registers marriage with Catherine invalid and her children no longer in line of succession. APRIL - Execution of Elizabeth Barton. NOV - Act of SUPREMACY, HEnry Supreme Head and can visit mons. DEC - TREASON Act, treason can be intent expressed in word as well as deed. DEC - Act of First Fruits and Tenths, Clerical taxes to King, not Pope.
        
        1535: JAN - Cromwell Vice-Gerent in Spirituals, ev of swing to reformist influence over H JAN - Valour Ecclesiasticus, commissioned by Cromwell, survey into condition and wealth of Church. JAN - Execution of Carthusian monks, Bishop Fisher and More, Opposition crushed.
        
        1536: FEB - Act for Dissolution of Lesser Mons, smaller mons under £200 closed down. MAY - Anne B beheaded, JS married next day. JULY - Act of Ten Articles, 7 sacraments rejected, only 3. AUG - Royal Injunctions to Clergy, by Cromwell, clergy to defend supremacy, abandon pilgrimages, give money for educational purposes to teach children the Lord's Prayer, 10 Commandments and other scripture.
        
        1537: JULY - Bishop's Book (institution of a Christian Man), 4 lost sacraments rediscovered, though of lesser value, no mention of transubstantiation, mass glossed over, priests understated, purgatory only be implication. AUG - Thomas Matthew publishes Matthew Bible, Prot version with King's permission.
        
        1538: JULY - Truce of Nice by Charles V and Francis I, stop of HV war, poss of joint invasion by Catholic powers. Threat lasts until 1540. SEPT - Royal Injunctions, by Cromwell. English Bible to be placed in all churched within 2 years, all births, deaths and marriages to be recorded, dicourages pilgrimages, relics removed from churches. NOV - Trial and execution of John Lambert for rejection of transubstantiation. DEC - Henry excommunicated.
        
        1539: APRIL: publication of 'Great Bible'. JUNE - Act of 6 Articles, marks shift in doctrine, confirmed transubstantiation, private masses and hearing of confession by priests. Bans marriage of priests, marriage of someone chaste, taking od 2 kinds of communion. Severe penalties for those who deny this Act.
        
        1540: JAN - H married AoC. JUNE - Cromwell arrested JULY - Cromwell executed JULY - Cleves marriage annulled; H marries Catherine Howard.
        
        1542: FEB - Catherine Howard executed. - 1543: APRIL - Cranmer protected by H against Catholic faction. MAY - Act for Advancement of True Religion, restricts access to english bible to upper-class. MAY - Necessary Doctrine of True Religion (King's Book), revises Bishop's Book, defends 6 articles. Written by H himself. JULY - marries Catherine Parr.
        
        1544: MAY - English Litany introduced into Churches. Priests did not have to use it. JULY - John Cheke tutor to Edward.
        
        1545: DEC - Chantries Act passed (not enforced).
        
        1546: JULY - Anne Askew burnt for denying transubstantiation. JULY - Henry named prot council of Regency for Ed.
  - - - Legal affairs:
        
        Wolsey tried to sidestep involvement of Rome altogether, by holding proceedings in England, where he would ultimately make decision as papal legate.
        
        Pope agreed to this however, was anxious to offend Charles V. Sent Cardinal Campeggio to delay the hearing and ensure that a decision was never made.
        
        Wolsey hoped that Campeggio would cooperate, but he fell ill and genuinely was delayed in reaching England, before setting about proceedings extremely thoroughly. Led to increased impatience of both Henry and Wolsey.
        
        June 1529: court met to discuss case. Catherine refused to recognise it, appealing Pope move it to Rome. Pope saw this as opportunity to further delay without offending anyone, so allowed it.
        
        H no longer felt that Wolsey would ever be able to see the divorce through: his usefulness was up, and there was no more point in keeping him in his powerful position.
      - Diplomatic manoeuvres:
        
        Italy under control of HRE Charles V, who was Catherine's nephew and opposed annulment.
        
        Wolsey aimed to distract Charles V with an alliance with France and the renewal of warfare in Italy. This policy failed; the Emperor was too strongly entrenched in the Italian peninsula to be concerned by France.
      - Scriptural arguments:
        
        Wolsey drew up argument justifying divorce to Catholic church, backed by scriptures. Stressed that the validity of H's marriage to CoA in 1509 depended on Catherine's word that her previous marriage to Arthur was consummated.
        
        If this was not case H decieved into marriage.
        
        Main piece of ev came from Old Testament, specifically, Leviticus Chapter 20 Verse 21. Involved a man taking his brother's wife and 'uncovering his brother's nakedness', meaning the couple would be childless. H8 more convinced as time passes without a son born to him.
        
        Wolsey sure that argument would win over Pope, however many disagreed on meaning of Leviticus. Many considered it to be referring to abstaining from marrying sister-in-law while brother is alive. Some even considered it a man's duty to marry sister in law and have children with her on behalf of dead sibling. Deuteronomy instructs this.
    - - Wolsey failed. Pope refused to grant annulment.
        
        Pope under the influence of the HRE.
        
        This led to Wolsey's death, combined with the collapse of his anti-Habsburg policy due to Charles' success in Italy after 1525. Summer 1529 - Henry accuses Wolsey of Praemunire (made it a crime to use powers derived form Pope to the disadvantage of the King). Position as Papal Legate used against him. He is stripped of power and possessions and exiled to York.
        
        Believed that notion of betrayal encouraged by Anne Boleyn's faction.
        
        Ev to show that Wolsey had been losing power in court throughout 1520s, as Anne's family gained influence. Exactly what Wolsey had feared and had tried to prevent by restricting King's access. Ev to suggest that he was aware of consequences of failing BwR.
        
        Henry sent tokens of friendship to Wolsey in exile, gave him hope. Futile - in 1530 called to London to answer for more charges.
        
        Died 29 Nov 1530 in Leicester, saved from Treason charges.
        
        4 MAIN REASONS for DOWNFALL: failure to secure DIVORCE, failure to achieve Henry's FOREIGN POLICY aims, BOLEYN FACTION encouraging Henry, and his REPUTATION and PERSONAL AMBITIONS
      - After Wolsey's death More is appointed as Chancellor, and Cromwell is asked to investigate how to achieve divorce. - 1528 Henry read 'The Obedience of the Christian Man' which suggests that Kings should hold direct power of their Church and the souls of their people. Anne had given Henry a secret copy she took from France.
        
        1530, Cambridge and Oxford scholars found in favour of Henry for his case for the annulment.
        
        Sept 1530: 'Collectanae Satis Copiosa'. Collection of ev which suggested that English Church had always been under control of monarch. This was presented to Henry by Edward Foxe and Thomas Cranmer.
        
        All ideas encouraged King and gave him confidence to pursue break with Rome.
        -Ultimately, H decided only way to achieve divorce was break with Rome and created his own Church so he could give himself annulment to Catherine. Known as Reformation.
        
        Henry aware of European evangelicals Calvin and Luther, who followed King as leader of Church instead of Pope.
        
        Break with Rome took a number of years from 1529 to 1534 and ultimately the Act of Supremacy.
- - - - Events:
        
        Aske in North promoting deal of PoG.
        
        Sir Francis Bigod unconvinces.
        
        Plans to capture Hull and Scarborough and force Norfolk to be inbetween.
        
        Hare-brained, went into operation 16th Jan 1537. Doomed to fail, collapsed.
        
        Bigod fled, eventually arrested in Cumberland, where commons launched own attack on Carlisle in Feb. - H no intention of honouring deal.
        
        Bigod's rising provided H with ev of rebel's bad faith. Retribution began. Commons, gentry and nobility rounded up and executed. Final death toll 178 including Aske, Darcy and Bigod.
        
        Percy family destroyed.
        
        More control of North through council of North.
    - - Events:
        
        Robert Aske, lawyer, heard of the Lincolnshire rising Oct 4 1536. Called men to maintain Holy Church.
        
        By 10 Oct, led 30,000 men. Rebels made HQ in York, moved down to Pontefract. Darcy gives over stronghold.
        
        Aske gave disciplined leadership, ensuring all goods paid and no murders committed. Gov caught off guard.
        
        15 Oct - York Articles drawn up by Aske, sent to mayor of York and Norfolk. 9 demands religious, 6 political.
        
        Force larger than H could muster. Sent Norfolk met rebels to buy time. Rebels presented 5 articles, known as York Articles.
        
        Truce signed on 27 Oct, under which Ralph Ellerker and Robert Bowes were to meet with King. Meantime - Pilgrims kept forces and chain of command in place.
        
        At meeting, H offered no concessions but would pardon ringleaders.
        
        Pontefract or 24 articles between 2-4 Dec. 9 religious 6 political. Presented to Norfolk, given permission by H to grant general pardon, prolonged truce and promise of parliament to discuss most issues raised.
        
        Aske agreed but wanted mons to be saved from destruction before parliament met.
        
        Accepted by commons, who disperse after herald arrives 8 dec.
    - - Causes
        
        Defence of the faith: Imagery, oaths, songs and propaganda of pilgrims gave rebellion deliberately religious resonance. Also gave rebellion justification. Rebels demanded rooting out heresy. They called for an end to draining of Church's wealth, the renunciation of the Royal Supremacy and the rehabilitation of the Catholic Princes Mary.
        
        Dissolution: Closure of mans looming shadow over welfare - spiritual, social and economic. Played an important secular and spiritual role in the life of the North: provided food clothing and shelter to travellers and the poor. Acted as safe houses for good: provided tenancies for farmers.
        
        Taxation: Opposition to King's demand for taxes was a constant theme in rebel's articles. Was particular hostility to Cromwell's initiative of taxing in peacetime ex. 1534 Subsidy At. Also opposition to the Statute of Uses, effectively a feudal tax on aristocratic landed inheritances.
        
        Food Shortages: Poor harvests in 1535 and 1536. In addition, many agricultural issues seem to have motivated the rebels, including renewal of tenancies, border tenures, enclosure and rack-renting.
        
        Aristocratic Feud: angry nobles resented rise of Cromwell and Anne Boleyn.
        
        Opposition to Cromwell's policies: North saw itself under attack from a greedy Crown regime and Cromwell became 'evil genius' behind it all. Treason act and Royal Supremacy seen as examples of Cromwell's work. This scapegoating of Cromwell and his henchmen Richard Rich and Thomas Audley was useful for gentry and nobility engaging in court politics.
      - Gov commissions operating, working on dissolving small mons, collecting subsidy and inspecting clergy. Rumours about commissioners being after gold, jewels, plat and extra taxes.
        
        Louth 1 Oct 1536, gathered with Horncastle rising in Lincoln.
        
        People of Horncastle set on chancellot of Bishop of Lincoln and murdered him.
        
        Nicholas Melton, shoemaker, led rising. Later taken over by gentry, priests and armed monks. At least 10,000 people assembled in Lincoln with articles.
        
        Gentry and commoner collab ended when Suffolk's army drew near.
        
        Gentry ran for cover and sought forgiveness. Commons collapsed into confusion.
        
        Few rebels remaining sen home when Gov herald arrived 11 Oct.