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Attachment, Asocial stage : (0-6) Infant responds to objects and people…

- - - - A stranger enters the room, talks to the caregiver and then approaches the child with a toy.
        
        The caregiver exits the room. If the infant plays the stranger observes without interruption. If the child is passive, the stranger attempts to interest them in the toy. If they show distress stranger attempts to comfort.
        
        The caregiver returns while the stranger then leaves.
        
        Once the infant begins to play again, the caregiver may leave the room, leaving the child alone briefly.
        
        The stranger enters the room again and repeats behaviour mentioned in step 3 (observing, engaging, comforting as needed)
  - - - It was found that secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures. The lowest percentage of secure attachments was in China and the highest in Great Britain. Results showed that individualistic countries that support independence such as Germany had high levels of insecure avoidant, whereas countries that are more culturally close (collectivist), such as Japan, had quite high levels of insecure resistant
        
        The study did not measure what it set out to ~ found there was cultural differences within countries as well as in different countries.
        
        Reliable big sample size of 1990 kids ~ replicability increases increases validity
- - - - The baby forms an association between the mother (a neutral stimulus) and the feeling of pleasure that comes with being fed.
        This means that the baby feels happier when the mother is near and formation of attachment begins.
      - Operant conditioning
        
        Baby cries which triggers response of mother comforting or feeding the baby. ~ As this happens more often the behaviour is reinforced.
        
        Harlow's study contradicts this, saying that contact comfort is more important.
  - - - Adaptive ~ Attachments are an advantage and beneficial to survival
        
        Social releasers ~ Cute face on baby unlocks human innate tendency to care for child.
        
        Critical period ~ The time in which attachments can form (Up to 2.5-3 years). Bowlby suggested socially, emotionally, intellectually and physically stunted. if attachment is not formed in time then it never will. This leads to an individual being
        
        Monotropy ~ Bowlby suggested that you can only have one main and intense attachment (Typically but not always the mother)
        
        Internal working model ~ Area in the brain, a mental schema for relationships where info that allows you to know how to behave around people is stored.
        
        Study
        
        John Bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves study was a pioneering study that found a connection between attachment disruptions in early childhood and involvement in criminal behavior. He proposed that addressing attachment needs could be an important part of treating criminal behavior.
- - - - Findings:
        
        They found that the babies of parents/carers who had ‘sensitive responsiveness’ - (who were more sensitive to the baby’s signals) - were more likely to have formed an attachment.
        ~
        
        They found that sensitive responsiveness was more important than the amount of time spent with the baby, so infants formed more attachments with those who spent less time with them but were more sensitive to their needs than those who spent more time with them but were less sensitive
        ~
        
        Infants who had parents who responded to their needs quickly and spent more time interacting with the child had more intense attachments. Those who had parents who did not interact with their child at all had very weak attachments.
        ~
        
        Attachments seemed to form when the carer communicates and plays with the child rather than when the carer feeds or cleans the
      - Lacks population validity - All infants from working class glasgow families so cannot be generalised.
        Lacks temporal validity - Parenting methods have changed lots since 1950s so care should be taken when generalising the findings.
        Lack internal validity - Uses self report that parents did daily so details could be missed or the could have been impacted by social desirability bias.
        Asocial stage cannot be studied - Children younger than 6 months lack motor coordination skills meaning we cannot establish whether their response is separation anxiety or just unintentional.
- - - - Lorenz made half of a clutch of geese imprint on him at birth and the others to their mother.
        ~
        To ensure imprinting had occurred Lorenz put all the goslings together under an upturned box and allowed them to mix. When the box was removed the two groups separated to go to their respective 'mothers' - half to the goose, and half to Lorenz.
    - - Findings from these studies cannot be generalised past the research setting.
  - - - The researchers found that regardless of which 'wire mother' has fed the monkeys the baby would always seek comfort from the cloth bound mother
        
        This shows contact comfort is more important than food in the development of attachments
- - - - Reciprocal = two/both ways; the child has to bond with the mother, and the mother has to bond with the child for an attachment for form successfully.
        ~
        They must both be able to contribute to
        the relationship and generate a response, such as when a parent smiles at the child, the child would smile too.
        
        The importance of reciprocity was demonstrated by Brazleton et al, who found that children as young as 2 weeks old can attempt to copy their caregiver
        
        reciprocity is important in teaching the child to communicate. It also allows the parent to better care for the child as they can detect certain cues from the baby and respond to their needs more effectively
    - - when infant and primary caregiver become synchronised in interactions
        ~
        Young infants can copy displayed distinctive facial expressions or gestures and synchronise their movement with sounds caregiver is making The way the two interact changes slightly
- - - - Institutionalisation can also have an effect on intellectual development because he also found orphanages provided the children with such little mental and cognitive stimulation that that it caused them to display signs of mental retardation and abnormally low IQs, with those which were adopted after 2 years having a mean IQ of 77
        
        Rutter concluded that the longer children are institutionalised for, the more damaging this was on their development.
      - Those of which were adopted before 6 months rarely showed signs of disinhibited attachment and had an average IQ of 102.
        However, those adopted after 6 months, the IQ fell to 86 and they showed high levels of disinhibited attachment
        Those adopted after 2 years had an abnormally low IQ average of 77
      - Key methodological issue ~ focuses on short term recovery rather than long term rates ~ A child adopted at three with less than average intellectual development doesn't mean they are retarded.
        
        Low ecological validity the romanian orphans were in extremely poor conditions and so would have larger effects on their development.
- - - - The internal working model affects your expectations of others and subsequently your attitude towards them, which would have an impact on the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood.