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Enculturation, Acculturation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Strength = it considers social + cultural context in which enculturation occurs.
        Predicts that children acquire standards for behaviour through reward/punishment
      - Weakness = cannot explain variation to which children conforms to culture's norms (ex. conforming to gender role stereotypes).
        Doesn't explain nonconformists.
      - Weakness = many variables that may play a role - not 1 explanation to model behaviour
- - - - Sample: new mothers
        
        Procedure: mothers were asked to play with 6 month old baby. Baby was cross-dressed (opposite gender).
        Mother + child were put in a room with gendered toys (football - male, stuffed animals - females). Interactions were filmed.
        
        Results: Mothers chose toys that matched their perception of gender of child.
        Mothers more active when they thought it was a male toddler.
        = the way parents interact with child plays a role in enculturation, by teaching a child what is appropriate behaviour in culture
- - - - Differences with other studies: this is BIDIMENSIONAL STUDY (looks at Cuban culture + US culture) , other studies are UNIDIMENSIONAL (only host culture or only heritage culture).
  - - - Aim: relationship between refugee's level of acculturation and mental/physical state (correlational study)
      - Sample: 440 North Korean refugees (30+ y.o.). Mostly female = 75% and had lived an average of 3 years in Seoul (in Korea)
      - Procedure: Data collected by 2 surveys + medical examinations on refugees. First survey asked about level of acculturation to South Korean society. Second asked about mental health by rating levels of depression + anxiety. Medical exams measured by resting heart pressure + blood pressure.
      - Results: positive correlation between levels of acculturation + psychological health, but negative correlation with resting heart rate. Relationship between physical/mental health was an example of SPIRALING CAUSALITY = acculturation to high-stress life of Seoul = initially reduced physical health. BUT, being outside Korea = increased mental health. As mental health improved = physical health improved as well. If refugees were employed = better adjustment to new culture
- - - - Sample: 197 members of two social services agencies
        
        Procedure: they completed a questionnaire + tests to assess the family's cohesion, level of acculturation, acculturative stress and coping strategies for this stress.
        
        Results: families with effective coping strategies and strong family structure + families that spent longer time in the US = less acculturative stress and more acculturation. The results proved there are many protective factors that influences the degree to which one acculturates and its effect on mental heath. Is this study related only to Latino cultures? No, and it is proven in Lueck and Wilson.
        
        LUECK AND WILSON (2010)
        
        Aim: investigating the variables that may predict acculturative stress in Asian immigrants and Asian Americans.
        
        Sample:2095 Asian Americans. 1271 participants were first-generation immigrants that were 18+ when arriving in the US. Rest of the sample was born in the US from first-generation immigrant parents. Many Asian cultures such as Chinese, Filipino and Vietnamese.
        
        Procedures: semi-structured interviews (online or in person). Interviewers had cultural background similar to those of the sample. Random sample was collected to validate data from interviews.
        The interviews were completed to figure out the level of acculturative stress. The impact of discrimination, language proficiency, family cohesion ecc... was also measured.
        
        Results: Out of 2095, 1433 had accumulative stress (stress score = 70%+).
        
        Conclusions
        
        Preference of speaking English = high accumulative stress
        
        Bilingual language preference = lower acculturative stress
        
        Negative treatment (harassment, threats, prejudice ecc.) = contributed to the high accumulative stress
        
        Sharing same values/beliefs as a family = contributed to lowering accumulative stress
        
        People satisfied with economic opportunities in US = lower accumulative stress
- - - - ASSIMILATION = abandoning original culture and adopting cultural behaviours of new culture
      - INTEGRATION = adopting behaviours of new culture, but also maintaining original culture
      - SEPARATION = maintain own culture, and minimise contact with new culture
      - MARGINALIZATION = not maintaining original culture and can't assimilate new culture (due to exclusion/discrimination)
      - BERRY'S ACCULTURATION MODEL:
        
        LIMITATIONS
        
        Focus is on individual's behaviour and not on behaviour of the host culture. Emphasises UNIDIRECTIONAL relationship (between the 2 cultures)
        
        Implied hierarchical (rank) relationship between the 2 cultures
        
        How an individual behaves might not be based on the 4 patterns, it may depend on social context.
        
        ALTERNATION MODEL (LaFromboise, 1993): people moving back and forth between own culture and host culture, depending on situation
        
        Too simplistic, too many factors that may influence acculturation process