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ethnicity + crime - Coggle Diagram
ethnicity + crime
Braithwaite: internationalist focusing on labelling and stigmatisation, focusing mainly on how individuals are shamed for their actions. he examined how these consequences effect the individual.
shaming: this is the process of labelling the act and the actor. this process can lead to people re offending and people are not just punished for their act but for being a criminal.
"disintegrative shaming": this is when an individual is shamed for doing the action and for being a criminal as well. eg. a their is shamed for stealing and for being a thief. this leads to people feeling marginalised and isolated from society which leads to re offending.
"Reintegrative shaming": shaming provides more hope of redemption as the crime is seen as bad but not the criminal. this reduces the number of re offending as people are more integrated into society. eg. criminals being asked to make reparations in the shape of counselling or meeting victims family.
evaluation:
- doesn't present a reason why crimes are committed in the first place
- he presented way that re offending crime rate could be reduced
- however others say that reintegrative shaming is not a good enough deterrent act.
institutional racism:many people believe that this is the reason why there is an over representation of ethnic minorities individuals. many cjs systems where built to disadvantage certain individuals
crime stats: black individuals are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched by police, this makes the black arrest rates higher. this leads to higher representation of BAME groups in prisons.
canteen culture: the police have a subculture when off duty which usual includes stereotyping groups and individuals based on characteristics (waddington). this influences their behavior when they are at work which means that they are bias to certain groups.
legal recognition: the first legal recognition of racism was in the 70s. further recognition came after the Stephen Lawrence case.
labour mp highlighted the over-representation of ethnic minorities with crime and found that 25% of adult and 41% of youth offenders were from ethnic minority backgrounds.
links to edu:
- black students are more likely to be excluded from school
- black Caribbean students are more likely to be permanently excluded
- school exclusion project found that 85% of prisoners had been excluded from school
-
hall: policing crisis. there is an unequal structure in British society on the perceptions of black people. aggressive policing tactics are used towards black people as a form of discrimination. this is done through media reinforcement of the negative perception of black individuals by portraying black individuals as criminals.
Gilroy: black criminality is just a myth, this is because self report surveys show that there is roughly the same amount of criminal activity taking place in white and black communities.
left realist: marginalised ethnic group in society are economically and socially excluded. this is due to failures in education and the creation of subcultures as a result of blocked opportunities. this goes hand in hand with negative media representations
strain theory: ethnic minorities are over-represented in poverty measures and 40% are classified as below poverty line. lack of resource leads to a strain which pushes individuals into a life of criminality.
subcultural theory: Gunter- there is a development in "road culture" amungst young black males.
cloward and ohlin- limited opportunities leads to criminal behavior and anti social subcultures.
status frustration- is often felt within the education system which provokes young people to start gangs
ethnic differences in offending: ethnicity cannot be accurately reported in terms of offending due to the fact that not all crimes are solved. however police arrests and imprisonment is the most accurate representation of offending on record.
arrests: black males have the highest records of arrest rates that are on record. white men have the lowest arrest rates. black women have the highest arrest rates while Asian women have the lowest arrest rates
stop and search: there are three reasons why you an be stopped and searched
- section 1: misuse of drugs
- section 44: suspicion of terrorist activity
-section 60: suspected weapon
black individuals are 9 times more likely to be stopped and searched compared to white people.
victimisation: victims of crime are often 25% Asian, white. mixed ethnicity has declined over the past 6 years. black victims are only shown to increase since 2019.