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汉语和电脑 - Coggle Diagram
汉语和电脑
language
Kuuk Thaayirre people
use cardinal directions like north 北, south 南, west 西, east 东 (not left, right) → spatially oriented very well
用地图非常好
face pictures ordered from east to west (in the direction of sun) = time focused on landscape, not on the body
Russians
俄罗斯人
brain immediately aware when the color has categorically changed because their languages makes these specific distinctions (ex light blue/dark blue)
sensitive to color = more artistic
Germans vs Spanish
德国人 vs 西班牙语
grammatical gender:
性别名字：男性 vs 女性
use stereotypically masculine/feminine adjectives to describe something deemed masculine/feminine based on their language
English vs Spanish
英语 vs 西班牙语
implications on crime, punishment, and blame 犯罪、惩罚
English: “He broke the vase” →
remember and pay attention to the culprit
记住谁
Spanish: “the vase was broken” →
remember and pay attention to the event and consequences
记住事件
language = transmit ideas from one mind to another across vast reaches of time and space
language's effects on life
direction: big
number words: deep
color: early
description: broad
sentence structures: weighty
塑造思维
losing language diversity: losing linguistic diversity by alarming rate due to globalization and technology processes (half of languages will be gone by the next century)
personal experience
学中文经验
tones 声调
practicing tones = to speak authentic Chinese.
练习声调 = 让我能说一口地道的汉语
imitate standard pronunciation 模仿标准发音
imitate correct sentences 模仿正确的句子
difficult to master 难掌握
grammar 语法
simple 简单
verb tenses (动词) don't change (不变化)
must know the basic rules of grammar 应该知道汉语语法的规律
many quantifiers (量词)
writing 学汉字
看起来特别像，可是意思却完全不一样
look very similar but their meanings are completely different
many strokes = complicated
笔画很多 = 写起来特别复杂
reasons for learning chinese 学中文的原因
学中文的人越来越多
家庭，朋友 ，中国人 -- 可以沟通
chinese level 中文水平
容易
说话，读，学
难
听
已经学了十年汉语了
always try to do things in the foreign language
试着用学过的外语做事情
chatting with friends 朋友聊天
new words (新词语) and authentic expression (地道的说法)
listening level has also improved a lot
听力水平也提高了很多
适应了语速
adapted to the speech rate
watching TV 看电视
reading novels 读小说
listening to foreign language songs 听外语歌曲
bilingualism 双语
汉语
英语
菲律宾语
汉语
汉语
汉语是联合国官方语言。
Chinese is one of the official languages of the United Nations.
在台湾和香港使用繁体字，在中国大陆和新加坡使用简体字。
Traditional Chinese characters are used in Taiwan and Hong Kong, and simplified Chinese
除了中国大陆，韩国和日本也使用汉字。
In addition to mainland China, South Korea and Japan also use Chinese characters.
汉语跟英文非常不一样。英文使用二十六个字母，汉语使用汉字。
Chinese is very different from English. English uses twenty-six letters, and Chinese uses Chinese characters.
汉语是世界上最古老的文字，有4000年历史。
Chinese is the oldest written language in the world with a history of 4,000 years.
汉语的特点是读写汉字和四个声调。
Chinese is characterized by reading and writing Chinese characters and four tones.
如果你知道3500个汉字，你可以读文章和写文章。
If you know 3500 Chinese characters, you can read articles and write articles.
每个汉字都有自己的意思，比方说火的意思是 fire, 水的意思是 water。
Each Chinese character has its own meaning, for example, the meaning of fire is fire, and the meaning of water is water.
汉语的词常常由两个或者两个以上的汉字组成，比如图书馆，出租车。
Chinese words are often composed of two or more Chinese characters, such as library and taxi.
汉语拼音有四个声调，钱和前是同音字，比和鼻的发音一样，声调不同。
Chinese Pinyin has four tones. Qian and Qian are homonyms, and Bi and Nasal have the same pronunciation, but the tones are different.
汉语的语法不难，如果你知道每个字的意思，你就知道一个句子的大意了。
Chinese grammar is not difficult. If you know the meaning of each word, you will know the general meaning of a sentence.
文化
语言影响对你的文化 language affects culture
科学家做了一个调查，发现OECD国家中，语言里没有将来时的国家存款比有将来时的国家存款多百分之二十五。
Scientists conducted a survey and found that among OECD countries, the deposits of countries without future tense are 25% higher than those with future tense.
希腊语、英语都没有将来时，调查发现希腊的存款最少，英国和美国第二少。
When neither Greek nor English has a future, the survey found that Greece has the least savings, followed by Britain and the United States.
这是因为没有将来时的语言让人们觉得将来和现在很近，因此人们愿意为了将来作准备，比方说存款。
This is because the language without future tense makes people feel that the future is very close to the present, so people are willing to make preparations for the future, such as saving money.
相反，有将来时的语言让人们觉得将来和现在很远，不需要为将来作准备，所以人们不喜欢为将来存钱。
On the contrary, the language with future tense makes people feel that the future is far away from the present, and there is no need to prepare for the future, so people don't like to save money for the future.
如果一个人打坏了一个花瓶，英语说谁打坏了花瓶，西班牙语只说花瓶被打碎了，而英文说他打碎了花瓶。所以西班牙语的思维是发生了什么，而英文的思维是谁做了什么。英文的思维更容易惩罚打碎花瓶的人。
If a person breaks a vase, English says who broke the vase, Spanish only says the vase was broken, and English says he broke the vase. So thinking in Spanish is what happened, and thinking in English is who did what. English minds are more likely to punish someone who breaks a vase.
一些语言的名词有阳性和阴性，有阴性阳性的语言的人对性别的区分更明显，更容易关注细节。
Some languages have masculine and feminine nouns, and people with feminine-masculine languages are more gender-sensitive and tend to pay attention to details.
一些语言没有数字一二三四五等，所以这些语言的人无法说出有几个，而说一些桌子，一些电视等等。
Some languages don't have the numbers one, two, three, four, five, etc., so speakers of those languages can't tell how many there are, but say some tables, some TVs, etc.
一些语言的语法没有规律，因此人们的思维容易更灵活，而对规律不重视。
The grammar of some languages has no rules, so people's thinking tends to be more flexible, and they don't pay attention to the rules.
比方说桥，在德语里是阴性，而在西班牙语里是阳性，所以德国人说桥很漂亮，优雅，而西班牙人说桥很强大，坚固。
For example, bridge is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, so Germans say bridges are beautiful and elegant, while Spanish say bridges are strong and strong.
有规律的语言让人们有逻辑性，说话严谨，比方说医学和法律都是从拉丁语开始的。
Regular language makes people logical and rigorous. For example, medicine and law all started from Latin.
大脑
研究发现说两种语言可以锻炼大脑。
Research has found that speaking two languages can exercise the brain.
研究发现，说外语的时候，第一语言是一个(干扰)。
Studies have found that when speaking a foreign language, the first language is a (distraction).
因此，人们觉得第一语言妨碍第二语言。
Therefore, people feel that the first language hinders the second language.
(说两种语言的人)更聪明，因为大脑要在两种语言之间切换。
(Bilingual people) are smarter because the brain has to switch between languages.
为了减少第一语言的干扰，人们在说外语的时候是对大脑的锻炼。
In order to reduce the interference of the first language, it is an exercise for the brain when people speak a foreign language.
人们学习汉语有各种各样的原因，比如商业原因，文化原因，人们也发现汉语也锻炼你的大脑。
People learn Chinese for various reasons, such as business reasons, cultural reasons, and people also find that Chinese also exercises your brain.
因为汉语有拼音和声调，所以(人们在说汉语的时候需要用到左脑和右脑)。
Because Chinese has pinyin and tones, people need to use both left and right brains when speaking Chinese.
而大部分语言，人们只用左脑练习发言。
In most languages, people practice speaking with only the left hemisphere.
(写汉字对锻炼大脑最有帮助，因为写汉字的时候，人们要记住每个字的结构，因为对长期记忆和工作记忆都有帮助。)
Writing Chinese characters is the most helpful for exercising the brain, because when writing Chinese characters, people have to remember the structure of each word, because it is helpful for both long-term memory and working memory.
学汉语对数学能力和抽象思维也有帮助，因为汉语使用汉字，每个汉字都有不同的发音和意思，没有字母，所以这个锻炼人们抽象思维。
Learning Chinese is also helpful for mathematical ability and abstract thinking, because Chinese uses Chinese characters, each Chinese character has a different pronunciation and meaning, and there are no letters, so this exercises people's abstract thinking.
(学汉语也帮助人们提高认知能力，研究发现，孩子在写汉字和英文的时候，大脑活跃程度不一样，特别是手写汉字的时候，大脑最活跃。)
Learning Chinese also helps people improve their cognitive abilities. Studies have found that children's brain activity is different when writing Chinese characters and English, especially when writing Chinese characters by hand, the brain is most active.
学汉语
我学汉语很长时间了：10 年。
I have been studying Chinese for a long time: 10 years.
我觉得学汉语最难的是写汉字，因为汉字有很多笔画，很难记住。
I think the most difficult part of learning Chinese is writing Chinese characters, because Chinese characters have many strokes and are difficult to remember.
而且很多汉字看起来很像，比如“我”和“找”，“比”和“此”。
And many Chinese characters look alike, such as "I" and "find", "bi" and "he".
因为我从未生活过中国，我说汉语有洋腔洋调 (yáng qiāng yáng diào)。
Because I have never lived in China, I speak Chinese with an accent.
因为我们住在菲律宾，没有很多机会练习说汉语，这让学汉语很难。
Because we live in the Philippines, there are not many opportunities to practice speaking Chinese, which makes learning Chinese difficult.
我学汉语的经验是看中国连续剧，还有听中文歌。
My experience in learning Chinese is watching Chinese TV series and listening to Chinese songs.
我觉得学汉语最重要的是每天练习，因为放学以后我很累，有时候没有时间学习汉语。
I think the most important thing to learn Chinese is to practice every day, because I am very tired after school and sometimes I have no time to learn Chinese.
如果要学好汉语，你不可以害羞，应该不怕错，常常说。
If you want to learn Chinese well, you should not be shy, you should not be afraid of making mistakes, and speak often.
学汉语最重要的是恒心，有时候汉语课考试很难，你要有恒心。
The most important thing in learning Chinese is perseverance. Sometimes Chinese exams are difficult, so you must have perseverance.
the impact of learning Chinese on brain
学习中文对大脑的影响作了
conducive to brain development (大脑开发)
and cognitive development (认知发展)
native Chinese speakers use both the left and right brain lobes when speaking Chinese
用左右两侧的脑叶
process sound and word meaning at the same time
会同时中处理声音与词义
native English speakers only use the left side when speaking English
handwritten Chinese characters 手写汉字
brain neurons are more active 脑神经元的活动更活跃
more complex than English letters structure 比英文构造更复杂
identifying structures 辨认结构
memorizing strokes 熟记笔画
need to use various brain functions 需要使用各种大脑功能
working memory 工作记忆
long-term memory ⻓期记忆
spatial cognition 空间认知
can improve the ability to recognize the structure of Chinese characters
手写汉字更能提高辨认汉字结构的能力
helpful for the development of mathematical ability
对数学能力的发展有助益
process of learning to read and write Chinese characters
学习读写汉字的过程中
counting strokes 数笔画
identifying radicals 辨认部首
classifying 分类
analyzing the similarities/differences between characters
分析各个字之间的相似与不同
use different brain regions when processing numbers
在处理数字时，使用到的脑部区块不同
learning a different language has implications for nonverbal cognitive development
学习不同的语言,对非语言的认知发展有影响
link between the structure of your language and your saving behaviour
future 未来语言 vs futureless language 没有未来的语言
past, present and future verb tenses 有将来时 (wei lai) = English requires a lot of information with respect to the timing of events
no future tense 没有将来时 = Chinese doesn’t divide up the time spectrum
application to other aspects of life
current pain for future pleasure: less likely to smoke, less likely to be obese etc
不太可能吸烟，不太可能肥胖
futured language: every time you discuss any kind of future event, you’re forced to separate that from the present and treat is as if it’s something completely different
现在和未来=不同
makes you subtly dissociate the future from the present which makes future seem more distant and different from the present
未来似乎更遥远
futureless language speakers: world’s best savers 世界上最好的储蓄 (chu zu)者
(30% more likely to save in any year 储蓄百分之二十五的差异)
speak/think about family differently
family names
mother/father side
by marriage/birth
older/younger
A & B
results
结果
在测试，我我回答了六个 B 和只两个 A
creative (need to be more organized)
可以说，我的左脑比右脑发达
for me, although the test is interesting, I don't think the test is very accurate
对我来说，虽然测试很有趣，但是我觉得这个测试不太准确
no clear evidence
没有明确的证据
various personalities
各种各样个性