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Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan - Coggle Diagram
Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan
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civil war
"war of all against all." absence of defacto (effective, not just a claim) political authroity
because Aristotle believes state is natural, he takes political authority for granted
However
Hobbes is not ok with what Aristotle believed, Hobbes seeks true political authority that stops people from killing each other (leviathan)
is basically the state of conflict and absence of authority; natural for state to be in this 'leviathan written as response to civil war
self-preservation
politics is about self preservation (and not good life) i.e. its impossible for us to just focous on staying alive and preserving ourselves / our skills
not to participate in rule as its dangerous ; no collective good life just individual self preservation; leads to individual peace
art
state is not a product or order of nature; we need to take matters in our own hands; state won't be created unless we create it ourselves therefore its like art
artifice
For Hobbes, state is artificial instead of natural
Nature is chaotic, we can do better --> campaign to conquer nature, master the earth by signing contract
knowledge as making
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in order to truly know something, one must know it so well they could make it themselves
needed wisdom / philosophy to be useful as opposed to ancient " knowledge for its own sake"
knowledge is a matter of reproduceability
nature is no longer merely observed, but interfered with
felicity
part of human nature
continual progress of the desire from one object to another
tried to the individual and not to the collective people
people perpetually seeking their own goals and happiness without other people being part of that
basically it means that you will always be unsatisfied
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diffidence
a sensation of anxiety over one's security, a lack of trust in others
fear
is the passion of the many, the great equalizer
the most reliable human passion, can be manipulated to make people agree to a social contract and stick with it
state of nature
a thought experiment designed by Hobbes to explain why a social contract is desirable; why you should take a social contract if offered
"hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war, and such a war as is of every man against every man." (XIII, out of civil states, there is always war of every one against everyone)
state of war
Hobbes believes, the state of nature = state of war
Because:
- diffidence causes people to be unable to trust each other (+pride cause some people to seek glory and cause chaos
-people are of approximate equal power without a government to organize them
--> equality of bodies: someone could get you in your sleep / no security through force
war of all against all
right of nature: liberty each man has to use his own power with his own reason and judgement to protect himself
aka right to defend ourselves
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social contract
social contract is important because humans are predictable machines, there much be some rules one can establish / manipulate to create a state
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the sovereign
undivided exclusive and unilateral rule of a modern state
making of the leviathan: it is irrevocable so people don't have right to revolution
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the commodious life
a comfortable, fear-free place where people can flourish
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pride
common only among a certain class of people, like aristocratic young men
it is a "passion", but hard to manipulate because uncommon
eudaimonia
virtue + good life are the good things you have to do / have done to work your way to the peak of the pyramid which is the summon bonum