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physiological changes of elderly - Coggle Diagram
physiological changes of elderly
biological aging
is the physiologic changes and the organism ability to adapt to metabolic stress
types of aging
chronological
social
psychological
biological
factor affect the response to damaging factor
genetic
environmental
types of aging
primary intrinsic
is the intrinsic changes that occur within the body like thin skin and wrinkles and without the influence of disease or the environmental factors
secondary extrensic
is the interaction between the primary aging and disease or environmental factors
mechanism of biological aging
ROS
ROS that will affect DNA,lipids and proteins and damage the cells
dysregulation of cell number
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
hypoplasia
decrease in cell number
age inadequate repair processes
decreases protein turnover
deterioration of cell membrane
decreased DNA repair
the basic mechanism is the imbalance between the damage and repair and progressive decline of physiological reserve in all organ systems
respiratory
decreased gas exchange
chest wall recoils decrease
skeletal muscles are weak
skin
epidermis
decreased thickness
decreased keratonytes mitosis
decreased larnarhanze cells
vitamin D synthesis decrease
dermis
decreases 20% thickness
decreased quantity and quality of elastin and collagen
more prone to injury
long exposure to UV light will cause severe changes of above
less number and function of sweat glands and less production of sebum
less number of melatonocytes
less nail growth
gastrointestinal
decreased neural control
loss of liver mass and blood flow
decreased gastric acid secretion mainly due to hylocbacter pylori
less absorption of some substances
less striated muscles in both ends of GIT ,less function in swallowing and chewing and fecal continence
minor decrease in exocrine glands secretion
neurological
30% loss of volume until 80 and shrinkage of cerebral cortex and hippocampus
damage to the neurons and decreased conduction velocity
decreased parasympathetic tone and increased sympathetic tone
loss of hearing and decreases balance
presbyopia
muscoskeletal
decreases skeletal muscle mass and cause sarcopenia and loss of motor neurons and decreased muscle strength
loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)
loss of synovial fluid and joint cartilage (osteoarthritis)
compression of intervertebral discs and loss of vertebrae and decreased hight
decreases body mass,fat-free was and lean body mass
redistribution of fat
urinary
decreased renal blood flow and renal mass affecting mainly cortex and decreased GFR
normal creatinin levels dose not indicate normal GFR
cardivascular
atherscleorsis
low stroke volume and CO and decreases elsticity
endocrine
decreased BMR because of decrease in fat-free mass
pancrease
increases insulin resistance and decreased glucose tolerance
pituitary gland
decreases growth hormone and TSH
adrenal cortex
decreases androgens and aldosterone and cortisol
parathyroid glands
increases PTH
gonads
women:menopause
men: andropause
immune
impaired function of macrophages
weak activity of complement system,opsonizationa and activation of inflammation once the body have infection
decreased proliferation of B and T cells
decreased capacity of mediators like TNF-a and interleukin 1 and nitric oxide
formation of autoantibodies