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Exam 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Independent Assortment: during metaphase 1 (orientation of bivalents is random), during metaphase 2 (orientation of sister chromatids is random)
        
        Crossing Over: during prophase 1, synaptonemal complex forms, mixes the genes present in homologous chromosomes, results in new combinations of the parental cells
        
        Sexual Reproduction: new combination of alleles from each parent, promotes heterozyosity, has advantages
  - - - Principle of Dominance: each individual has a unique genotype, genotype is made up of alleles, phenotypes determined by these alleles
        
        Principle of Segregation: alleles are segregated, separated from one another during meiosis, each gamete contains only one allele for each gene, offspring inherit 2 alleles for a gene, 2 members of a gene pair separate from each other, each gamete has an equal chance to inherit either one of the genes
        
        Monohybrid Cross: Punnett square, visual representation of the offspring inheritance patterns, monohybrid is a cross between 2 homozygous parents with different alleles
        
        Principle of Independent Assortment: gene pairs that are not related (homologs) segregate independently, gene pairs that are not linked segregate independently, evidence provided from dihybrid cross
  - - - Multiple Alleles: many populations have more than 2 alleles for a particular locus
        
        Mutations: changes in genetic makeup of an individual, point mutation (single nucleotide change), chromosome mutation (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, transposons
        
        No Crossing Over: fail to mix alleles across homologs
        
        Polygenic Inheritance: multiple genes for one character, phenotype is cumulative result of combined effects of many genes
        
        Epistasis: one gene interacts with another, may interfere or mask
        
        Pleiotropy: single gene with multiple effects on the phenotype, inheritance of a single gene which visibly influences several traits
        
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- - - - Genotype Frequency: number of individuals with a particular genotype divided by the total number of individuals in a population
        
        Allele Relative Frequency: number of copies of an allele in a population divided by the total number of all alleles for that gene in a population
        
        Genotype Relative Frequency: number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population divided by the total number of all individuals in a population
        
        p + q = 1
        
        p squared + 2pq + q squared = 1
  - - - Mutation: change in one of the nucleic acids, some are apparent in phenotype, source of all new alleles, must be in gametes to be inherited
        
        Polymorphism: dimorphic, polymorph=many phenotypes in a population
        
        Genetic Drift: random loss of alleles, acts most strongly in small populations relative to large, bottleneck effect
        
        Nonrandom Mating: pants "choose" their mates, pollinator vectors, some of the individuals reproduce more than others
        
        Migration, Geneflow: movement of alleles into and out of a population, can be impeded, and has reprocussions
        
        Adaptive Radiation: bottleneck from long distance dispersal, followed by adaptive radiation
        
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  - - - Genetic Equilibrium(HW) , Directional Selection, Stabilizing Selection, Disruptive Selection
- - - - r=intristic growth rate, N=population size, K=carrying capacity, dN/dt = population change over time
  - - - life table summarizes birth and death rates for organisms at different stages of their lives
        
        population growth rate-how fast is the population size growing or shrinking ; population survivorship patterns - does most mortality occur in the very young or old, or across all ages