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SHE116 Mind Map Assignment- Communication - Coggle Diagram
SHE116 Mind Map Assignment- Communication
Verbal Communication
Paralinguistics
Changing your tone of voice to suite those who you are talking to :
EG:
-Speaking in a calm tone of voice to someone who is clearly nervous
-Raising your voice when angry
-Pausing to add tension
Group Speaking
Much more generalised type of communication, more focused on getting an idea across to a large amount of people
Clarification may be hard to achieve due to not always having the opportunity for questions which may cause for confusion if points are not clear
One-on-one communication
When talking to just one person your communication will be much more specific to that person's needs as you can interpret their thoughts and feelings more efficiently
Non- verbal
Facial expressions
Smiling, surprise, frowning, disgust
Body Language
Crossed arms, slouched, standing up tall, eye contact, touching someone's arm
Gestures
Thumbs up, middle finger, pointing, waving, eye roll, shaking head
Proxemic
Personal Space- someone's level of comfort with personal space can very according to their social norms and the situation
For a 'casual conversation' a space of eighteen inches to four feet is appropriate, when speaking to a crowd it is 10-12 feet (Cherry, 2022)
Appearance
Must look professional and put together to gain a level and trust and allows for more doors to be open (Cherry, 2022)
Piercings
Some people see piercings as unprofessional so may not allow you to treat them if the patient is not comfortable with them. Piercings also have the potential to carry a lot of bacteria which is another potential barrier to patient care.
Uniform
If you show up to a job with tidy uniform people, be more willing to let you help them as they may interpret this as the clinician as being unprepared
Hairstyle/Colour
If hair is neat then you will look more professional, potentially resulting in patients trusting the clinician more allowing for an increased level of care
Eye Gaze
Looking, blinking, staring, emotions (hostility, interest, attraction, honesty) (Cherry, 2022)
Haptics
The importance of touch- shows familiarity, sympathy, comfort
When to use communication types
Verbal (Herrity, 2022)
Verbal communication is much more clear than non-verbal communication as it does not leave room for interpretation if done effectively
When talking to individuals, groups, public speaking etc
Non-verbal
Subconsciously, non-verbal communication is used most of the time when communicating
In a professional environment your non-verbal communication could affect their likelihood in trusting you to provide their treatment
Non- verbal communication leaves more room for interpretation actions such as: facial expressions, gestures and body language can be interpreted differently by each individual, so it is more impactful due to its each particular effect
Standard of English
Slang
Each generation may be more or less receptive to certain slang used
This would have to be adjusted based upon the receptibility of the patient you are treating to this 'slang'
English
Having an increased understanding of the English language will allow for communication to be smoother across most communities due to it being the most spoken language in the world (Myers, 2015)
Professionalism
When working you must remain professional with your language e.g.: no swearing or offensive language
This will allow the patients to have an increased level in trust in you as they can see that you take your job seriously allowing them to feel at ease for communication to be smoother across most communities due to it being the most spoken language in the world (Myers, 2015)
Assessment of communication skills and modifications
Capacity (Cousens, 2020)
Need to be able to
Retain the inforamtion
Use that information to make a decision
Understand the infroamtion relevant to the decision
Communicate the decision
Learning ability
Different learning disabilities such as dyslexia, dyspraxia, ADHD (Men Cap, 2021) etc, may affect their ability to understand the information given to them causing modifications to be needed
This could involve simplifying information to a level someone with one of these conditions to be able to understand it better
Age
Adults
Most adults will have a basic level of medical understanding so communication will be much easier
All information to provide informed consent must be given
Teenagers
Teenagers will have various levels of understand regarding medical knowledge and experience, so communication must be adjusted to suit their level
Gillick children (seen to have capacity) can make their own informed decisions so all information should be given to an extent where they can understand what they are consenting to
Elderly
As people get older it is common for their understanding of complex topics to be reduced, this must be considered for when communicating as you may need to simplify some information to be more comprehensible
Children
When communicating with a child the parent will most often be present to so information must also be aimed at them so they can make an informed decision
Children of a younger age may have a reduced knowledge of medical language. It is important for their understanding to explain in simple terms so they can understand what is happening so that they are not afraid or dismissive
Physical ability
EG: For a blind person explaining in excessive detail the required information
EG: For a death person an interpreter may be required to allow them to receive all the information
Physical abilities such as hearing and seeing would be a large impairment towards communication as some information would have to be described in a unique way to suite the physical ability
The effects of anxiety and stress on communication
A person who is anxious or experiences elevated levels of stress may also have a reduced communication level due to an increased level of focus on their own actions instead of what is going on around them
When communicating with patients with anxiety interaction methods must be adjusted to suit that persons needs and to not worsen or heighten someone's anxious state
Consequences and barriers of communication
Ethnicity
It is important to recognise these norms and values and take them into consideration when dealing with patients from all ethnicities
If these norms and values are ignored, then patients may be less willing to communicate with you
Within ethnicities there are multiple cultures that all hold their own norms and values
Gender
Each gender may have certain barriers up against other genders due to experience or stereotypes
EG: Some women may only feel comfortable with female clinicians due to a past uncomfortable experience with a man or the subject of the matter EG: childbirth
Culture
Different cultures hold specific values on subjects such as respect which may improve or hinder communication
EG: In Muslim communities it is considered respectful to remove your shoes when entering a mosque, this show of respect for that culture could help to improve communication as you are showing a mutual level of understanding for each other
Socio-econmic
Money for some patients may be a sensitive topic and paramedics will be visiting the homes of people of all socio-economic backgrounds
You must treat each patient the equally no matter their financial situation, and must remain sensitive to each individual lifestyle to allow for trust to form
Age
Level of understanding of communication may differ dependant on age
Younger people may not have the same understanding of the English language as more mature patients
Religious
Some religions have adverse views to certain medical procedures EG: using pig’s blood for a blood transfusion
No matter how these views differ from the clinician they must always be respected to keep the best interest of the patient
Theories of communication
Banduras Social Learning theory
Conducted a study to see how children learn and if they pick up social queues from role models, conducted the bobo doll study where children saw an adult either playing nicely with the doll or fighting it. The action they saw the adult do was reflected in the children's behaviour. This theory goes on to suggest that children's communication types is also influenced by adult/role model influence.(Cardwell & Flanagan, 2018)
Aristotle's communication theory
5 main aspects: speaker, speech, occasion, audience and effect. Each of these individually will change how someone communicates and their differing roles in the effectiveness of communication (Narula, 2006)