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U29 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "Who is taking part": the nature of the participants, their relations & roles
    - - "What part the language is playing": the function, the medium/channel of communication
    - - "What is happening": the nature of the social action, the topic or subject matter
  - - - sentence/paragraph
    - - an integrated whole
- - - - Nominal: "I like yours"
        
        Verbal: "Have you seen it? Yes, I have"
        the omission of an item (a grammatical relation)
    - - the replacement of one item by another (a grammatical relation)
        
        Nominal: "I like that one"
        
        Verbal: "Do you like it? I do!"
        
        Clausal: "Do you like it or not?"
    - - a semantic & directional relation
        
        TEXTUAL ~
        
        Anaphora
        
        Uses a pro-form (substitute word) after the co-referring expression (an expression that refers to the same entity as another expression): the presupposition of something that has gone before (backward reference)
        
        to the preceding text
        
        Cataphora
        
        The opposite of anaphora. It has forward reference by means of possessive/demonstrative/definite/personal pronouns & adjectives, mentioned first. The presupposed element goes before the presupposing one.
        
        to the following text
        
        to an item in the surrounding text
        
        Endophoric
        
        SITUATIONAL ~
        
        Time Deixis
        
        Deictic center: the speaker’s orientation point / location at the time of the utterance. By means of Adverbs & Tense
        
        Space Deixis
        
        Deictic adverbs: Here / There; Demons. pronouns: This / That
        
        Person Deixis
        
        Traditional grammatical categories: Person, Plural & Gender
        
        Discourse Deixis
        
        to refer to earlier or forthcoming segments of the discourse: "in the next chapter", "as I mentioned"
        
        to a thing in the context of situation (outside the text)
        
        The reference item functions as a deictic item
        
        Exophoric
    - - Conjunctions
        
        Join clauses within a sentence
        
        Coordinating
        
        and, but, or
        
        Subordinating
        
        because, if
        
        Correlative
        
        both/either... and/or...
      - Connecting Adverbs
        
        Join ideas in separate sentences
        
        Addition
        
        In addition, also, not to mention
        
        Opposition/contrast
        
        However, on the other hand
        
        Indicating result
        
        Therefore, so, as a result
        
        Indicating time
        
        Then, before, later
        
        Emphasis
        
        In fact, indeed, certainly, of course
        
        Clarification/explaining
        
        For example, in other words
        
        Listing
        
        Firstly, secondly, lastly
        
        Summary
        
        Therefore, in conclusion, to sum up
        
        Comparison
        
        Similarly, likewise, alternatively
      - Considerations: Meaning (Semantic) & Syntax (Grammar)
  - - - Any pair of lexical items that stand to each other in some recognisable lexico-semantic relation (typically go together naturally):
        "a burning ambition", "poor health", "heavy rain"
    - - Repetition
        
        (elegant/not)
      - Synonymy
      - Antonymy
      - Hyponymy
        
        (specific/general)
      - Metonomy
        
        (part/whole)
      - they establish sense relations/ chains of connected words throughout discourse
  - - - Morpho-syntactic
- - - - 2 Types of language: potential objects of study
        
        How is Discourse articulated?
        
        Knowledge of the Language/Grammar rules
        
        Within the language
        
        Knowledge of the world
        
        Speakers, social conventions (context outside the language)
        
        Sentence
        
        Isolated, abstracted, grammatically correct, artificially constructed, to study/teach the rules of the language system
        
        Discourse
        
        In use/communicating, in context, purposive, meaningul & unified
      - A good communicator: the ability to use language effectively
    - - Language use beyond the boundaries of a utterance/sentence
      - The interrelationship/connection btw language & society (situational context)
      - The interactive/dialogic properties of everyday communication
    - - Rhetoric (how to do things with words, achieve effects & communicate successfully in particular contexts)
      - Grammar (the rules of language as an isolated object)