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Genes and heredity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Population size (N). Exponential growth= J-shaped curve, Unlimited resource.
      - Logistic growth= S-shaped curve, typical of a population that self regulates and has carrying capacity K
    - - r= intrinsic growth rate
      - N= popu size, K= C. Capacity
      - dN/dt= popu change over time
      - Exponential growth= dN over dt= r times N
      - Logistic growth= dN over dt = r times N times quantity one minus N / K
  - - - Calculate the net reproductive rate Ro, taking the sum of offspring /individual column.
      - Represents the expected # of offspring individual will make over lifetime in pop
      - Ro>1 = size increase. Ro<1 size decrease. Ro=1 no change
    - - By taking nl of net repro rate/ by mean gener time
      - r>0= increase. r<0= decrease. r=0 no change
    - - Survivor period, visual representation of survivorship
      - type I= K-selected species, type II= r-selected species
      - Depend on environ, same species can display all 3
    - - Survivorship curves are plotted logarithmically, Take survivorship (Ix) and multiply by 1000. Take the log10 of this value. plot against age to produce a figure
  - - - Group of interacting species living together
      - Shared environment and network of influence.
      - Factors= abiotic- environment. biotic- interaction that occurs btwn species
    - - Predator= P, Negative impact on prey, positive impact by prey
      - Prey= N, positive impact on predator, negative impact by predator
      - Pop sizes are influenced by each other
    - - dN/dt=rN-aNP
      - dP/dt=faNP-qP
- - - - Each individuals has a uniq genotype. Genotype is made up of alleles
      - Phenotypes determined by alleles and environ. Not 100% that allele will manifest
      - Hetero= 1 of 2 genes and homo = both alleles are same
    - - Alleles are segregation, separated from one another during meiosis
      - Gamete contains one allele for each gene
      - offspring inherit 2 allele for a gene
    - - Punnett sq, visual represen' of offspring inheritance patterns, monohybrid is a cross btwn 2 homo parents with different alleles
    - - Gene pairs that are not related (homo) segregate
      - Gene pairs that are not linked segregate independent
      - Evidence provided from a dihybrid cross= 3-1 phenotypic ratio for each 2 alleles
  - - - all chromo has a partner
      - Homologous chromo resemble each other
      - homolog is from a different parent
      - Interactions of genes on each sets of chromo determines genetic character
    - - New combination of alleles from each parent
      - Promotes heterozygosity, advantages include genetic diversity, bet-hedging to novel enviro, multiple deleterious alleles can be bunched together and eliminated, escape host- parasite negative impacts.
      - Pollination= cross pollinating vs self pollination
  - - - Phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate btwn those of parent homozygotes
      - Snapdragons= Red x white=Pink
    - - Many populations have more than 2 alleles for a particular locus
      - Punnett sq theoretical crossing works similar
      - Breeding experiments to determine dominance
      - Figuring out alleles is complex
    - - Changes in the genetic makeup of individual
      - Point mutation= single nucleotide change, duplication= part of the chromo has doubled, inversion= piece rotates 180
      - Chromo mutation= deletion= segments of chromo lost
    - - Fail to mix across homolog, chromo inherited same as parent, 2 gamete types possible rather than 4
    - - One gene interacts with another, may interfere or mask, Ex: digital petal.
    - - More than 2 copies of a chromo, Autopolyploid= failed meiosis, self fertilization. Alloploid= meiotic error, mismatch at mating, second mating creates matched pairs
- - - - Allele of all genes in a population make up the gene pool
      - Population = group of same species individuals that can interbreed and live together
      - Genotypes freq= #genotypes of one type/ total# individuals
    - - Freq of gametes carrying allele is equal to the allele freq for population in HW equilibrium
    - - r= allele
  - - - Changes in population gene from genera to genera
      - Factors= Mutation, Natural section, genetic drift, migration, nonrandom mating
    - - Change in one nucleic acids
      - Source of all new alleles in gametes to be inherited
      - Male pollen sperm, female ovule egg
    - - Dimorphic= 2 phenotypes and dominant-recessive system
      - Polymorphic= many phenotypes in population
      - due to single polymorphism
    - - Plants choose their mates, pollinator vectors= pollination syndrome
    - - Bottleneck from long distance dispersal, Hawaiian lobeliads
    - - Selection by humans. increase freq of desired trait. eliminate unwanted traits