Own Protocol

Compatible

Features

Capabilities

Specific

Two - wire multi drop

Four - wire point to point

Two - wire point to point

Four - wire point to point

Dial modems

Maintenance by Company

Flexibility

Universal

Interoperability

National Load Control Center

Regional Load Control Center

Power Station Control Center

Substation Control Room

Distribution Control Room

Load End Control Room

Data logging were perform manually by operators

Tripping circuit Breaker

Auto-reclosing of circuit breaker

operator

Poor Security

Produced by RTU vendors, and limited to being compatible with their own master machines.

Device Net (Allen Bradley)

Profibus (SIEMENS)

Communications processors

communicate with RTU Operator interfaces human machine

interface with system operator, etc

Reactive power, Active power, Apparent power

Temperature, Vibration and process variable

Systems from various networks that share master station functionalities

It would be a significant improvement to deploy SCADA functionality across a WAN rather than simply a LAN.

The master station(s)

Field level instrumentation and control devices

The commercial data processing department computer system

Communications system

Marshalling terminals and RTUs

protection

Control & Automation

Fault tolerance and redundancy

Data Aqu.Meas Transmission

Client/server distributed processing

Self-diagnostics and easily maintained

Less consume power and less generate heat

Capability of arithematic functions implementation

Easy to program and reprogram

Easy to troubleshoot

Difficult to troubleshoot and dignose

Consume more power and generating more heat

Relays are used only for on/off control

Any change in the control program needs rewiring of the relays

No human interface feature

Improve operation of plant or process

Increase productivity of the personnel

Improve the reliability of the process, equipment and part due to better information and control

Improve protection to the plant equipment

Safeguard to the environment from failure to the system

Improve energy saving due to optimization of the process handling

All personnel able to receive the real time information

Need physical access for switch or router

Reliability of SCADA

not vary with external factor

Less expensive

Suitable for DCS system

Suitable for SCADA system

Outstanding mobility

More expensive

Any equipment vendor

Eg: Computer connected in college

Eg : Laptop, cellphone, tablet connect to wireless router/hotspot

Specific only vendor

1.13 PIPING & INTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P& ID)

1.14 PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOL AND NUMBERING

Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

process to maintain at the desired operation conditions, safely and efficiently, while satisfying environmental and product quality requirements.

quantify the performance or quality of the final product,
which are also called output variables (Set point)

These input variables are adjusted dynamically to keep the controlled
variables at their set-points.

also called as load variables

It represent input variables that can cause the controlled variables to deviate
from their respective set points (cannot be manipulated).

1. Increase product throughput

2. Increase yield (hasil) of higher valued products

3. Decrease energy consumption

4. Decrease pollution

5. Decrease off-spec product

6. Increase Safety

7. Extended life of equipment

8. Improve Operability

9. Decrease production labo

i) Process Flow Daigram (PFD)

iii) Close Loop Diagram

ii) Block Flow Diagram (BFD)

device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which
can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

a transducer that responds to a measurement variable and converts that
input into a standardizedtransmissionsignal.

a device which monitors and affects the operational conditions of a
given dynamical system.

operational conditions are typically referred to as output variables of the system which
can be affected by adjusting certain input variables.

device that directly controls the value of manipulated
variable of control loop

eg, control valves, pumps, heaters,

Instrunmentation Abbreviation

Instrumenatation signal line symbol

7. Differential Control

measures a process variable and sends the measurement to a
controller for comparison to set point

used in case where the controlled variable
has the potential of being a major load disturbance on the process variable ultimately being controlled.

to ensure that two or more flows are kept at the same ratio even if the
flows are changing.

uses the output of the primary controller to manipulate the set point of
the secondary controller as if it were the final controlelement.

A very common control scheme is split range control in which the output of a controller is split to two or more control valve

e often combined with feedback systems.

4.4 Integration HMI and SCADA

user interface or dashboard
that connects a person to a machine,system, or device.

include Man-Machine Interface (MMI),Operator Interface Terminal (OIT), Local Operator Interface (LOI), or

in SCADA also known as Master Terminal Unit (MTU)

application of psychological and physiological
principles to the engineering to design of products, processes, and systems.

Increase levels of mental strain and stress

3. Human Error

2. Occupational Accident

1. User Central Design

3. Instruction Manual

2. Usability Engineering

1. Ease to keep track of processes under normal conditions

3. Abnormalities can be handled entirely from within the HMI
   

2.Effectively monitors and informs of abnormal conditions

4. In event of abnormality HMI operator is not distracted

5. During abnormality HMI only prompts relate to problem
   resolution

6. Holistic adherence to High Performance HMI “good practices”regarding graphics, navigation, workstation, environmental, and alarm management factors

7. Less space require

8. Good ergonomics for operator.

not different from creating Word Document or
Power Point Slide

Client must approve the HMI design after test and
commissioning done.

markup of existing displays, a
Microsoft Visio or CAD drawing, or paper sketch.

o Data sources are:
i. P&IDs or Process Flow Chart diagram
ii. Existing displays
iii. Procedures (interlock and standard operating
procedure)
iv. Incident or near-miss analyses
v. . Operator interviews.

Determine the Colour of Background, line type and thickness,
Text size and Fontstyle, ISA object(Tanks, Pumps, Valves etc).

Examples: SMART HOME

Industry Internet of things (IoT) is the internet of things that utilize in industry such as manufacturing, power system, water treatment and utility

IR 4.0 is a new phase of the Industrial Revolution that focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning and real time data

Lightweight and efficient

Bi-directional communication

Able to connect million IoT devices

Support for unreliable networks (cellular network etc)

MQTT Publisher is a sender that send the data. It also known as client to MQTT broker.

MQTT Subscriber is a consumer that receives the data. It also known as client to MQTT broker.

Publisher and Subscriber do not know anything about each other and never in direct contact with each other.

LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area NEtworks)

Configure wells and assign personnel access by routs or regions

Reliability- Data backup are depend on cloud service. No control over where it store and how long it store.

Usage-Mission Critical, Real-Time

Diagnostics, Monitoring,PM

Make better decisions making

Insufficient qualification of employees

Restricting logical and physical access

Installing antivirus software

Ensure redundancy