CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

OPEN

Type

Advantages

PROPRIETY

Single Communication

Own Protocol

Compatible

Features

Capabilities

Specific

Interoperability

DNP

Two - wire multi drop

Four - wire point to point

Two - wire point to point

Four - wire point to point

Dial modems

Weakness

Advantange

Maintenance by Company

Flexibility

Universal

Interoperability

Introduction to SCADA PART 2

The basic variable related with the network/power/station

The Hierarchical Level on control include

National Load Control Center

Regional Load Control Center

Power Station Control Center

Substation Control Room

Distribution Control Room

Load End Control Room

Integration of control and Protection for HT AC Transmission and Distribution

Conventional protection functions were segregated from control functions.

Data logging were perform manually by operators

It is because protection relays are electromechanical relay and hard wire relays connections

Impossible to integrated between protection and control functions

Sensing faults

Giving alarms

Tripping circuit Breaker

Auto-reclosing of circuit breaker

Introduction SCADA Chapter 1 Prt1

Category

Network SCADA

Network SCADA

Basic SCADA

RTU/PLC

MTU

eg : car manufacturing robot room, temperature control water level

click to edit

Have more than One MTU

eg : Power System and Communication System

Using LAN, WAN & Internet

click to edit

LAN, WAN & Internet

eg : Water system, Subways System, Security System

PLC/RTU

Element

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

Communication

operator

Human Machine Interface (HMI)

Master Terminal Unit (MTU)

Wireless

Wire Network

Switched Public Telephone Network

Internet

Gather data from the distant site & transmits control signal to the site

Present through the HMI

Control signal to device control

Transmits data to the MTU

Graphics > Schematic > Pull down menu > Touch screen Window

Generation of SCADA

1st - Monolithic

2nd - Distributed

Poor Security

3rd - Network

click to edit

General centre on mainframe systems

No connection to other system because of limited network

Used WAN network

Connect to difference RTU so that the master computer could send and receive data.

Produced by RTU vendors, and limited to being compatible with their own master machines.

Used LAN network

LAN connections allow multiple stations to share information in real time.

E.g

Device Net (Allen Bradley)

Profibus (SIEMENS)

Less expensive than first generation

Distribute Station

Communications processors

communicate with RTU Operator interfaces human machine

interface with system operator, etc

Related with 2nd generation SCADA

Current

volatge

Frequency

uses an open system design rather than a proprietary environment that is controlled by a company.

Power Factor

Reactive power, Active power, Apparent power

Temperature, Vibration and process variable

Systems from various networks that share master station functionalities

It would be a significant improvement to deploy SCADA functionality across a WAN rather than simply a LAN.

Hierarchies

The master station(s)

Field level instrumentation and control devices

The commercial data processing department computer system

Communications system

Marshalling terminals and RTUs

With development of Programmable Microprocessor are combine

SCADA software

User interface

Graphics displays

Alarms

Trends

RTU (and PLC) interface

Scalability

Access to data

Database

protection

Control & Automation

Networking

Fault tolerance and redundancy

Data Aqu.Meas Transmission

Monitoring

Client/server distributed processing

Comparison between Conventional Relay system and SCADA system for power System Protection

CONVENTIONAL RELAY SYSTEM

SCADA SYSTEM

Self-diagnostics and easily maintained

Expensive system

Less space

Less consume power and less generate heat

Capability of arithematic functions implementation

Easy to program and reprogram

Easy to troubleshoot

Size of RTU

Difficult to troubleshoot and dignose

Average cost

More Space

Consume more power and generating more heat

Relays are used only for on/off control

Any change in the control program needs rewiring of the relays

Medium size

Small size

No human interface feature

Large size more

10 until 20 analog and digital signals

100 digital and 30 until 40 analog inputs

more than 100 digital and more than 40 analog inputs

Benefits of SCADA (In General)

Improve operation of plant or process

Increase productivity of the personnel

Improve the reliability of the process, equipment and part due to better information and control

Improve protection to the plant equipment

Safeguard to the environment from failure to the system

Improve energy saving due to optimization of the process handling

Benefits of SCADA (Power System Operation)

SCADA Chapter 3

Cost of providing and maintaining operator attended the failure and any switching event

Delay operation may lengthen an outage and deteriorate customer service

Comparize

Operator attendance of remote stations are uneconomically

LAN

WLAN

Easy to trace the failure

All personnel able to receive the real time information

Local area network

Connect both wired and wireless connection

CONSIDERATION OF SCADA

Connected together with communication/network element

Technologist must consider list when put Scada in the system

Overall control requirement

Free external attacks

Sequence Logic

Analog Loop Control

Type of display requirement (HMI)

LAN is secure

Lost popularity due to the latest wireless network

Historical Archiving Requirement

Speed of communication or update time

System redundancy

Need physical access for switch or router

Expansion capability

Connected locally with Ethernet cable

Mobility Limited

Maintenance scope

Reliability of SCADA

not vary with external factor

Less expensive

Wireless local area network

Connected complete wireless

Small area covered

Large area covered

Use public communication links

Usually a low speed

Uses WIFI and Ethernet cables

Suitable for DCS system

Connected together wirelessly communication/network element

vulnerable to external attack

WLAN is not secure

Use public communication links

Popular

Usually a fast speed

Uses Fibre optic wires, microwave and satellite

Connecting wireless to switch and router

Suitable for SCADA system

Cable is not necessary

Outstanding mobility

Due to external factor environment and quality cable

More expensive

Wide Range

Any Type of device

Any equipment vendor

Eg: Computer connected in college

Eg : Laptop, cellphone, tablet connect to wireless router/hotspot

DISADVANTAGES

High License Fee

Upgrade

Update

Support & Maintenance

Specific only vendor

MODBUS

Serial

RTM

ACSII

TCP/IP

Introduction to SCADA CHAPTER 1 PART 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.11 PROCESS CONTROL

1.12 PROCESS DIAGRAM

1.13 PIPING & INTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P& ID)

1.14 PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOL AND NUMBERING

1.15 PROCESS CONTROL VARIETY

Valve in industry

Pump, compressor, fan & blower

ISA Symbology

Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Definition

process to maintain at the desired operation conditions, safely and efficiently, while satisfying environmental and product quality requirements.

Controlled Terminology

i) Controlled Variables (CVs)

ii) Manipulated Variables (MVs)

Disturbance Variables (DVs)

quantify the performance or quality of the final product,
which are also called output variables (Set point)

These input variables are adjusted dynamically to keep the controlled
variables at their set-points.

also called as load variables

It represent input variables that can cause the controlled variables to deviate
from their respective set points (cannot be manipulated).

Specific Objective of Process

  1. Increase product throughput
  1. Increase yield (hasil) of higher valued products
  1. Decrease energy consumption
  1. Decrease pollution
  1. Decrease off-spec product
  1. Increase Safety
  1. Extended life of equipment
  1. Improve Operability
  1. Decrease production labo

Piping and Intrunmentation Diagram (P&ID)

Process equipment symbol and numbering

i) Process Flow Daigram (PFD)

iv) Sensors

v) Transmitter

iii) Close Loop Diagram

ii) Block Flow Diagram (BFD)

vi) Controller

vii) Final Control Element

device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which
can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

a transducer that responds to a measurement variable and converts that
input into a standardizedtransmissionsignal.

a device which monitors and affects the operational conditions of a
given dynamical system.

operational conditions are typically referred to as output variables of the system which
can be affected by adjusting certain input variables.

device that directly controls the value of manipulated
variable of control loop

eg, control valves, pumps, heaters,

Instrunmentation Symbology

click to edit

Instrunmentation Abbreviation

Instrumenatation signal line symbol

Type of Process Control Loop

  1. Feedback Control
  1. Feedforward Control
  1. Feedforward-plus- Feedback
  1. Ratio Control
  1. Split Range Control
  1. Cascade Control
  1. Differential Control

measures a process variable and sends the measurement to a
controller for comparison to set point

used in case where the controlled variable
has the potential of being a major load disturbance on the process variable ultimately being controlled.

to ensure that two or more flows are kept at the same ratio even if the
flows are changing.

uses the output of the primary controller to manipulate the set point of
the secondary controller as if it were the final controlelement.

A very common control scheme is split range control in which the output of a controller is split to two or more control valve

e often combined with feedback systems.

CHAPTER 4 HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)

4.1 Ergonomic factor

4.2 HMI Organization

4.3 HMI Screen Design

4.4 Integration HMI and SCADA

4.0 Introduction

user interface or dashboard
that connects a person to a machine,system, or device.

include Man-Machine Interface (MMI),Operator Interface Terminal (OIT), Local Operator Interface (LOI), or

in SCADA also known as Master Terminal Unit (MTU)

application of psychological and physiological
principles to the engineering to design of products, processes, and systems.

Poor Ergonomic can cause

Increase levels of mental strain and stress

  1. Human Error
  1. Occupational Accident

Improve health and safety by

  1. User Central Design
  1. Instruction Manual
  1. Usability Engineering

Advantages

  1. Ease to keep track of processes under normal conditions
  1. Abnormalities can be handled entirely from within the HMI

2.Effectively monitors and informs of abnormal conditions

  1. In event of abnormality HMI operator is not distracted
  1. During abnormality HMI only prompts relate to problem
    resolution
  1. Holistic adherence to High Performance HMI “good practices”regarding graphics, navigation, workstation, environmental, and alarm management factors
  1. Less space require
  1. Good ergonomics for operator.

not different from creating Word Document or
Power Point Slide

Flowchart HMI Screen Design

  1. HMI Style Guide
  1. Gather and Review data
  1. Create First Draft
  1. Refine and Approve

Client must approve the HMI design after test and
commissioning done.

markup of existing displays, a
Microsoft Visio or CAD drawing, or paper sketch.

o Data sources are:
i. P&IDs or Process Flow Chart diagram
ii. Existing displays
iii. Procedures (interlock and standard operating
procedure)
iv. Incident or near-miss analyses
v. . Operator interviews.

Determine the Colour of Background, line type and thickness,
Text size and Fontstyle, ISA object(Tanks, Pumps, Valves etc).

CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

The Internet of Things or IoT is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.

Examples: SMART HOME

MQTT - is a lightweight protocol and utilize publish subscribe network protocol. It ideal for connecting remote devices with a small code footprint and minimal bandwidth.

Industry Internet of things (IoT) is the internet of things that utilize in industry such as manufacturing, power system, water treatment and utility

IR 4.0 is a new phase of the Industrial Revolution that focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning and real time data

ADVANTAGES

Lightweight and efficient

Bi-directional communication

Able to connect million IoT devices

Support for unreliable networks (cellular network etc)

MQTT structured by 3 Entities which are:

MQTT Publisher is a sender that send the data. It also known as client to MQTT broker.

MQTT Subscriber is a consumer that receives the data. It also known as client to MQTT broker.

MQTT Broker is third component acts like postmen, dorecting messages from the Publisher to any end points acting as Subscribers

Publisher and Subscriber do not know anything about each other and never in direct contact with each other.

An IoT cloud is a massive network that supports IoT devices and applications

IoT devicess can be connected to the cloud via several methods

Wi-Fi

LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area NEtworks)

Cellular

Satellite

Ethernet

Benefits of IoT Cloud

Do not have to install hardware or manage large networks and infrastructure

Realtime data on your phone or connected devices

Remotely create or change setpoints

History and event trends for the life of the installation

Alarms and callouts configurable to any data point sent dorect to email, phone, or text

Configure wells and assign personnel access by routs or regions

Weakness of IoT Cloud

Security-Targeted from the hacker because of variety and data in store in cloud

Performance- Latency problem can result in inconsistent reaction times with local HMI screen and confuse boardman and operator

Reliability- Data backup are depend on cloud service. No control over where it store and how long it store.

Comparison between SCADA and IoT

SCADA

Purpose- Close Loop System

Architecture- Centralized

Approach-Polling

Security-High

Usage-Mission Critical, Real-Time

IoT

M2M

Decentralized

Publish / Subscribe

Low to High- Depending on Implementation

Diagnostics, Monitoring,PM

IoT offers several benefits to SCADA system

Monitor their overall system processes

Improve the customer experience (CX)

Enhance staff productivity and save money

Make better decisions making

IoT will give challenges to be implement for SCADA

High Investment cost

Loss of many job to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers

Rely on the machine to decide cause loss of human skills, cognitive and hands on

Still unclear with legal issues and data security

Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards a IR 4.0

Low top management commitment

Insufficient qualification of employees

A working cyber-security strategy to protect your SCADA

securing the perimeter

Patching all known vulnerabilities

Restricting logical and physical access

Installing antivirus software

use file integrity checking software

Ensure redundancy