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The Industrial Revolution, Advantages and Disadvanteges of the Industrial…
The Industrial Revolution
What was the Industrail Revolution?
Most lived on a farm in the countryside
New factories created more jobs for people
1750- Little change to Britain for 1000 years
Towns and cities over crowded, creating more disases
This increased Britain's wealth substatially
Britain became known as 'The Workshop of The World'
The Industrial Revolution saw huge changes to how things were made and how people lived
The Three Key Industries
Cotton
Invention of machines means cotton was produced quicker
1733- John Kay created the flying shuttle
1764- James Hagreves creates the Spinning Jenny
1769- Richard Arkwright improved spinnig Jenny using waterwheel. Later replaced ny steam power
Prices 1770=£2.00(£334 modern) 1815=60p(£49) 1860=25p(£28)
Raw cotton was spun and woven, which at first was long and expensive process
By 1850 there were over 2,00 cittin factories in Britain. Thos drastically lower cotton prices. Ordinary people could afford cotton
Raw cotton was grown in America, India ane Egypt, and shipped to Britain
1771- Arkwight starts first proper cotton factory
Before 1750, all cloves were made from wool by hand
Iron
Cast iron was strong, but too brittle to be worked by hand.
This made it highly popular during the Industrial Revolution
1707- Abraham Darby used purified coal to smelt iron
1784- Henry Cort invented " puddling " to produce " wrought " iron.
A problem was that charcoal was too expensive at the time, and coal could not be used due to impurities
Originally, iron was smelted form the ground
Iron was needed to make machines, railways etc
The Iron Industry was vitally important in the development of other industries
This created weak "pig iron"
This was succesful and widspread, leading to "cast" iron
This was much easier to work and shape
Steam
1773- Watt becomes a partner of Mathew Boulton
They produced 30% of the engines made, over 500
James watt improved on this pump
Over the next century many more develpments were made to the steam engine and they were used in factories commonly
In 1712 Thomas Newcomen created a steam powered pump to extract coal/water from mines. Effective but inefficent and hard to transport
Before 18th century, water and wind power was used, not very reliable. People heate their homes using wood
Coal
Coal was more efficent than wood, producing up to 3x more heat energy,and lasted longer
Wood had been the main fuel, but running out and expensive
Vast amounts of coal where sent to large cities such as Manchester, Liverpool, and London
Many coal deposits close to the surface
As mines got deeper, water needed to be extracted, hence Newcomen's pump
Coal kickstarted the industrial revolution
HOWEVER, the conditions for workers in the mines were absolutely horrible, such as cave ins, and children working there, this was were we started to ruin the climate
Coal was easily dug up, and over a thousand mines appeared thoughout the country as a result
Consequences of The growth of industries
Disadvantages
Pollution in Industrial towns and cities
Appaling public health for the woking class
Machines replacing people (loss of jobs)
Unprotected child labour & poor wotking conditions
Growth of slum housing and around factories
Long hours of work in machine driven factories
Advantages
Britains wealth increased vastly
Cheaper goods
Better cheaper transport
Growth of industries eg iron and textiles
More goods available to people
Transport
Canals
Man made rivers
One boat could carry up to 40 tonnes
Positives: You could chose were they go Even uphill using locks
Negatives: Slow to build and expensive
The Bridgewater Canal
Made to take coal from Duke of Bridgewater's mine to Mancheswter
Halved his transport costs
Designed by James Brinly
First canal in Britain
Growing industries needed to move more heavy goods
Roads could not handle the weight + too expensive
Sea routes to long and many rivers too shallow
Canals were the answer
James Brindley
Gained fame and built over 400 miles of canal
The Trent and Mersey canal connected the whole country
Factory working conditions and employment reform
Eventually laws/acts were introduced to improve working conditions
Factory Act 1833- First law to protect workers.
Children 9-13 max nine hours a day
No children under nine in factories
14-18 max 12 hours a day
Children under 13 must be given 2 hours of education a day
Children could not work at night
Workeres expected to work many hours with one day of a week
Parents lied about childrens age to earn more money
Children were employed in cotton mills to due to small size move under machinery, but this often killed them
Three more factory acts followed in 1844, 1847, 1850
Many people worked in factories, but little health saftey was regarded
Railways
In 1825, George Stephenson built the first passenger carrrying steam train which ran from Stochton to Darlington
It could travel up to 35 miles per hour, which was unrivaled at the time
Railways ensured goods could travel fast and far
On opening day, an MP was killed, meaning the new form of transport was seen as dangerous
In 1829, George and Robert, his son, built the first major railway line from Manchester to Liverpool, which could carry 1,000 people per day, and the leading train was called the 'Rocket'
This introduction meant that people could commute to work, and some children could commute to school
When first introduced, railways were very expensive
THe government introduced a railway act in 1844, meaning that trains must have a third class
Third class could not be charged more than a penny per mile, meaning poor people could afford to travel
It was also the beggining of holidays
Roads
Some people objected the tolls e.g. 1839-1844 The Rebecca Riots where men dressed as women and smamshed the gates
As roads imporved, journey times decreased
Turnpike Trusts was set up to build roads. People would pay to use them
1784- Royal Mail coach ran between London and Bristol
Builders such as John MacAdam were employed to build roads
Stagcoaches were using these roads, which were carriges pulled by horse
Before 1750 no roads built since Roman times
Later tar was added to the surface hence the name tarmac
New factories meant new roads were needed
Public Health
Edwin Chadwick
After investigation, he found that the dirty cities were the answer to the poor dying
He explain unwell workers were less productive
Chadwick was a civil servant
MPs reacted with astonishment, dismay, and horror
IN 1841, the public health act was made, but it was not compulsoty
However, he belived in miasma, making cholrea worse as he said human waste was to be put in the River Thames
It was made compulsory in in 1875, and cholera outbreaks stopped
John Snow
Snow suspected that dirty water was the answer
In 1854- Snow Soho an area and found evidence
When snow removed a pump handle, no more deaths happpened
A woman far away who had drank the same water, getting her servants to retrive it, and she also died
Doctors and Politicians still said the Snow was wrong
30 years later Snow's theroy was more accepted
A public toilet was leaked near the pump that people drank from
Living in the industrial Revolution
ONe toilet was used for abou 5 houses and this lead to the toilets overflowing, as they were only a hole in the ground
This lead to water being contaminated
Families wased once a week in the same bath, without soap
People at the time thought bad smells spred disease, which was known as miasma
Towns and cities grew at an alarming rate, leading to slum housing
Diseases spred easily, regular outbreaks
Avereage age in industrialised towns was 18 years old, meaning people in industrialised towns did not live long
Advantages and Disadvanteges of the Industrial Revolution
Advantages
Improved wealth of Britain
More available goods
Cheaper goods
Growth of industries such as iron and textiles
Imporved transport
Factory act to protect workers
New factories ment more jobs
Slowly improved public health
Beggining of holidays
More people payed
More affordable travel
More powerful machines
Public health act
Improved medicine ad science
More powerful
Disadvantages
Very low public health
Many deaths in factories
Lots of slum housing
Unprotected child labour
Machines slowly replaced people, loss of jobs
Long hours of work
Pollution in towns
Spread of diseases due to belif of miasma
Workers had one day of a week
Lower life expectanc in industralised towns
Overcrowded cities
Families used same bath water
Overall uncleanliness
New transport was dangerous
Low pay