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The Industrial Revolution - Coggle Diagram
The Industrial Revolution
What was The Industrial Revolution ?
1750 - Britain had seen little change over the past 1000 years
A lot of people worked on farms and lived in the countryside
Many people moved to towns in search of new opportunities
New factories offered people lots of new jobs
Towns and cities soon became overcrowded. This led to poor living conditions and outbreaks of disease
The Industrial Revolution substantially increased Britain's wealth
Britain became known as the " Workshop of the World "
The Industrial Revolution saw huge changes to the way things were made and the way people worked / lived
Key Industries
Iron
Traditionally, iron was made through smelting iron ore which was obtained from the ground. This produced " pig iron " which was not very strong
Another problem was the charcoal needed was very expensive at the time, making the iron expensive too. Coal could not be used due to its impurities
Iron was needed to make machines, railways etc
In 1707, Abraham Darby found a way to use purified coal to smelt iron. This method was highly successful and led to the widespread use of " cast " iron as it was much cheaper
The Iron Industry was vitally important in the development of other industries
Cast iron was strong, but too brittle to be worked by hand.
In 1784, Henry Cort invented " puddling " to produce " wrought " iron. This was much easier to work/shape than cast iron. This made it highly popular during the Industrial Revolution
Cotton
1764-James Hargreaves. Invented the " Spinning Jenny ".
The raw cotton then had to be spun and woven. At first, this was a long and expensive process. The invention of machines means cotton can be produced quicker and cheaper.
By 1850 there were more than 2,000 cotton factories in Britain. This drove down the price of cotton dramatically.
Most of the cotton factories ( known as mills ) were in the North-West near the port of Liverpool ( where the cotton arrived from America.
Raw cotton was grown then had to be spun and woven. At first, this was a long and expensive process
Before 1750 clothes were made by hand at home ( using wool )
Price of a length of cotton:
1770 = £2.00 ( £334 )
1815 = 60p ( £49 )
1860 = 25p ( £28 )
1733-John Kay. Invented a weaving machine called the " flying shuttle "
Ordinary people could now afford cotton.
1769-Richard Arkwright Improved the " Spinning Jenny " using waterwheel. Later steam power.
Coal
In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented a steam driven pump to extract water from coal mines. It was effective, but inefficient, absolutely huge and difficult to transport.
James Watt improved Newcomen's pump.
Prior to the 18th Century, water power was used to drive basic machines, but it was not always reliable
In 1773, Watt becomes business partners with Matthew Boulton. The two produced more than 500 working steam engines made in Britain in the 18th Century.
Over the next century, more developments were made and steam engines became common throughout Britain and its factories.
Coal
Coal was much more efficient than wood. It produced 3 times more heat energy than wood and it burnt for long periods of time
Coal could easily be dug up and as a result there were over a thousand coal mines that opened up during the Industrial Revolution.
Wood had been the main fuel but it was running out and it was very expensive.
Vast amounts of coal was shipped across the country to big cities like Manchester, Liverpool and London
Britain had many coal deposits and it would come very near the surface.
As mines got deeper, water flooded them resulting in The First Steam Engine being used to pump out water from the mines.
Coal kick started the Industrial Revolution.
The working conditions of a miner was horrible, it was dangerous and there was explosions.
Consequences and advantages of the Growth of Industries
Advantages
Cheaper goods. eg Cotton
Better and cheaper transport
Growth of Industries. eg Iron and Textiles
Britain's wealth increased vastly
More goods available to people
Disadvantages
Machines replacing people. (loss of jobs)
Unprotected child labour and poor working conditions
Growth of slum housing around factories
Pollution in Industrialised cities and towns
Long hours of work in machine driven factories
Appalling public health for the working class
Conditions for factory workers and employment reform
Many people began to work in factories but little care was given to their health
The working conditions were extremely grim. eg. In Cotton factories it needed to be hot and humid so they would not open the windows
The workers were expected to work very long hours, with very few days off.
Children and women were employed by the Cotton factories, this lead to injuries and death
Over time laws/acts were introduced to improve working conditions
Factory Act -- 1833.
Children 9 -- 13. Maximum 9 hours a day
Children under 9 would not be allowed to work
First law to protect workers
Children 14 -- 18. Maximum 12 hours a day
Children could not work at night
Children under 13, had to be given 2 hours of education a day
More changes were introduced in 1844, 1847 and 1850
Transport
Canals
Sea routes were to long and many rivers were too shallow
Canals were the answer
Roads could not handle weight and were to expensive
They were man-made rivers
Growing industries needed to move heavy goods
One boat could carry up to 40 tonnes
Positives: could go anywhere. Even slightly uphill using locks
Negatives: Expensive and slow to build
The Bridgewater canal
It was designed by James Brindley
Used to take coal from Duke of Bridgewater's coal mine to Manchester.
First canal in England
Halved his transport costs
James Brindley
His Trent and Mersey canal connected the whole country
Built over 400 miles of canal
Gained fame
Railways
In 1829, George and his son Robert built the first major railway line.
The line ran from Manchester to Liverpool
The train ran between Stockton and Darlington.
The Liverpool to Manchester railway line could carry up to 1000 passengers per day
In 1825, George Stephenson built the first passenger carrying steam train.
The leading train was called the ' Rocket '
Railways ensured heavy goods could now travel far and quickly.
The train could travel at 35 mph
The Rocket hand an average speed of about 10mph, but had a top speed of nearly 35mph
On its first day an MP was killed, meaning not everyone was happy and thought it was dangerous
The introduction of the Liverpool to Manchester train line was important because for the first time people could commute to work and children commuted to school
When railways were first introduced they were very expensive so in 1844 the train added a third class and they could not charge 1 penny a mile
The 1844 Railway Act meant for the first time poor people were able to use the trains
Roads
Turnpike Trusts were set up to build and maintain roads. People would pay a toll to use on them
Builders such as John Macadam were employed to build roads
New factories meant the need for better roads was vital
The government told the land owners that they could build their own roads and this led to people making their own roads
Before 1750 there had not been new roads since the Roman times. This made travelling very slow. People did not travel a lot and lived near
Later on, tar was added on top of the old roads. This meant the horses could start to run faster.
In 1784 the first Royal Mail coach ran between London and Bristol
As the roads improved, journey times decreased
Public Health
Edwin Chadwick
They wanted the poor to have better health because they wanted them to not be ill when working
He was the chairman of the Public Health Act
He found out that the better the living conditions lead to better health
He thought that if there were healthy workers the country would earn more money
He was asked to go to investigate the living conditions of the poor - 1838
He was a civil servant
He believed diseases spread due to bad smell so he told everyone to throw their waste in the River Thames
This lead to a big outbreak in cholera
John Snow
There was a memorial built for him and a pub named after him because of what he found
Everyone was extremely angry with him for saying it was the water supply
30 years later they found out that it was because of the dirty water in London
He found three main types of proof to show this
He got proof about this claim
His theory was that cholera was because of dirty water
Living in The Industrial Revolution
Lack of sewers to take away waste
Regular outbreaks of deadly disease - cholera
Water became contaminated - lots of families used same toilets
People believed that bad smell spread diseases
Slum housing - poor hygiene and sanitation
Towns and cities grew at an alarming rate. This lead to a number of problems
Average life expectancy was 18 years old
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
There were a lot of new discoveries and easier ways of getting this, eg. Iron, Coal and Cotton
There was a huge boost in the amount of travel, eg. Canals, Railways and Roads
Britain became very powerful from all of the new inventions and machinery
Britain became known as the workshop of the world because of the machinery
The British economy boomed and it improved connections with other countries
Many people moved to cities which lead to new opportunities
New jobs were created due to the different jobs over all of the different categories
It improved a lot of machinery and new things were invented
Coal aloud many things to happen, eg. Steam engines and source of energy
There were a lot of coal mines in Britain so we could get it very easily
We had been using wood for a very long time as a source of energy and then coal was more efficient
There was an easier way to have goods
There was better and cheaper transport
There was improved medicine
Disadvantages
There were overcrowded cities
The poor had very bad hygiene and sanitation
The mix of overcrowding and bad hygiene caused diseases to be able to spread quickly
There was very poor living conditions
There was a big outbreak of Cholera disease
As towns and cities expanded there was less place to live so Slum housing occured
There was also very bad and not clean water
All of the new machines and ways of transport released a lot of carbon dioxide into the air
All of the machines and inventions that were made were very dangerous and sometimes even children died because of it
In order to get cotton there had to be slavery which caused many deaths
The average life expectancy went down to 18 years old
The factories need lots of people to run a factory and these people had very bad working conditions and bad wages
The Industrial Revolution was very expensive
The workers had very few days off
There was also a loss of jobs because of new machines