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The Industrial Revolution, Conditions for factory workers and employment…
The Industrial Revolution
What was the Industrial Revolution?
After the Industrial revolution for 1000 years nothing had changed in Britain
Before the industrial revolution most people would be working on farms or in primary industry.
Because the Industrial revolution more people had moved into towns find better job opportunities
This caused people to go and work in factories and this had skyrocketed the amount of jobs in a factory
Towns and cities had become overpopulated
The industrial revolution had inevitably increased Britain's wealth
Britain had become the "workshop of the world"
The industrial revolution had changed Britain
Key industries
Iron
To smelt this you neede charcol which was very expensive but coal was not able to be used with iron
Abraham Darby found a way to use coal to smelt iron and made the iron very strong which was very successful
This would create 'pig iron' which is good for tools like swords,pickaxes etc. This iron was very weak though so you could not make a lot
This was not very easy to bend and was only used for bid structures.This is still used in our time today for railways and big structures
The traditional way to smelt iron was to break down the rock and then take out the iron.
Henry Cort had found a iron called wrought iron and this is strong and is very easy to bend this was the perfect form of iron it was able to be bent and was very strong
The iron industry is really important because it had made lots of other industries grow
Cotton
The invention of machines had made cotton production a lot faster and cheaper
1733- John Kay. Invented a weaving machine called the Flying Shuttle 1764 - James Hargreaves. Invented the Spinning Jenny. 1769 Richard Arkwright. Improved the Spinning Jenny using waterwheel. Later steam power
The process of making cotton is that they first had to have been woken
In 1850 there were more than 200 cotton factories on Britain.This had drove the price of cotton down dramatically.Ordinary people could finally afford cotton
Raw cotton would have been made in America,India and Egypt and were shipped to Britain
Prices:1770= £2.00(£334 modern estimate) 1815=60p (£49),1860 = 25p (£28)
Before clothes are made were made out of wool and were made by your mom
steam
A man called Thomas Newcomen had made the first pump powered by coal
Newcomen had made a pump which was very tall but could only be used in a coal mine
They had realised that you could use coal to power homes
Then James Watt had reinvented it and made it much more compact and used less coal
People had found coal which was much cheaper
The pump had been made 500 times and the original pump by James Watt had made over 30% of the water from all of the pumps
People had started by heating there houses with wood
Coal
Coal kick started the industrial revolution
many coal deposits were close to the surface(1 km)
Wood had been the main fuel source before the revolution and the trees were running out and was expensive
Coal could be easily be dug up and had formed 1,300 coal mines
Coal produces more heat engergy and was 3 times hotter than wood
Vast quantities of coal would be sold to Manchester, Liverpool and London
When they went deeper in the mines they would take out the coal with pumps
Working in the mines people would die due to the caving in and flooding
The conqueces of the industrial revolution
Bad
Pollution in industrialised towns and cities
Machines replacing people (loss of jobs)
Growth of slum housing around factories
Long hours of work in machine driven factories
Unprotected child labour and poor working conditions
Appalling public health for the working the class
Good
More goods were given to the people
Chepper goods such as cotton
Growth of industries such as iron and textiles
Cheaper tansport
Britains wealth increased massively
Factory acts - 1833
children aged 9 to 13 were only allowed to work for 9 hours a day
children aged 14 to 18.Max 12 hours a day
No, children under the age the 9
children under the age of 13 had to be give 2 hours of education
Children were not allowed to work at night
More factory acts in 1844,1847 and 1850
Changes to transport
Canals
Growing industries needed to move heavy goods
Sea routes were to long and roads were to weak to cope with the weight and were to expensive
Canals were the answer
Man made rivers
The rivers were man made so this means that you can make them anywhere
One boat could carry up to 40 tonnes
The Bridge water canal
Designed by James Brindle
To take coal from Duke of Bridgewater's mine to Manchester
First canal halved his transport costs
Railroads
In 1829, George and his son Robert built the first major railway.From Manchester and Liverpool
The train could hold up to 1,000 people a day and could travel up to 35 mph (this was fast at the time). This was called the 'rocket'
The first ever railroad was made George Stephenson called the Stockton and Darlington
"The train would release poisonous gas and would kill birds and would set houses on fire"which was a lie
Railways could ensure heavy items where carried fast and far
People did not need to live close to their work and kids could go to school easier
They had introduced third call tickets which costed 1 penny per mile(in today's money It would be a pound)
Roads
People at the time did not know how to build roads so roads building became an really good job
John Macadam was the best road building man.He had figured out that you could use tar and this why it is called tarmac
The government had decided to make it that anyone can make a road and anyone who goes on it would have to pay
In 1784 the first royal mail coach ran between London and Bristol
New factories meant that new roads were needed
As the roads improved journey times decreased eg. London to Newcastle 6 days (1750s) 1 day (1830s)
Before 1750 there were no new roads and thee roads were in a disgusting sate
Some people did not like these rules such as the poor then people would disgiuse as woman so that they would not get caught
Public health
Edwin Chakioick
Found out that workers worked badly if they were ill. He suggested that they employ cleaners to clean the streets.
Only when 14,000 people died did parliament listen
He found out that they needed cleaner towns and cities.
He made colerah worse when he said that waste must go into the Thames
Was a civil servant for the government and had to find out why people were dying so that there were more workers.
1875 PH Act, makes changes compulsory. No more cholera outbreaks.
Government introduced Public Health Act in 1848 but it was not compulsory
Suggested that they started using sewers, more fresh water and a free doctor for each town.
John Snow
On investigation he realised everyone had drunk from the same pump
He stopped people drinking from it and no one else died
1854 - Cholera outbreak in Soho, 600 people died
He therefore proved contaminated water spread cholera
Doctors' believed cholera was spread through drinking water
Living in the industrial revolution
This meant that it would be crowded, dirty and diseased. Diseases would spread rapidly because of how many people there were.
Big families of around 8 people would have to fit in 1 or 2 rooms. Soon there were 2 or 3 families in one room due to growing rent prices.
This would cause slum housing
The water would have lots of bacteria and human waste in it. This led to disease such as cholera
Due to people moving into these cities people would have to share houses with 4 families per house
Towns and cities would grow massively.
The average life expectancy was 18 years old in industrial towns
The toilets were holes in the ground with a seat on top.
Advantages and disadvantages of Industrial revolution for people at the time
Advantages
Growth of industries such as iron and textiles
Holidays had finally been introduced
Better forms of transport had been discovered
More goods were given to the people
Britain had gain masses amount of wealth
Increased production of material
Due to the industrial revolution people at the time would actually get paid
Disadvantages
Unprotected child labour and poor working conditions
Growth of slum housing around factories
Machines replacing people (loss of jobs)
Appalling public health for the working the class
People's life expectancy had gone down to 18
Pollution in industrialised towns and cities
Clothes would cost more due to machines doing the work
Long hours of work in machine driven factories
Lack of education
Conditions for factory workers and employment reform
1833-Factory act. Was the first law to protect workers
Children under the age of 9 would not allowed to work in factories
There were regular accidents leading to death and injury
Children 14-18 were limited to 12 hours a day
Children were employed from a young age due to their small size
Three more factory acts were soon passed. 1844, 1847, 1850
Many people began working in factories, but had little care Was given to their health