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The industrial revolution - Coggle Diagram
The industrial revolution
What was the industrial revolution
when the industrial revolution did start happening, lots of people ventured into towns in search of new job opportunities
partly because they had all been living in the country
at this point most people lived in the countryside or on farms. Britain relied pretty much only on the countryside
new factories offered people lots of new jobs
there had been little change in Britain over the past 1000 years
this is because of all the new technology. they needed people to help them out.
towns and cities soon became overcrowded
all of this led to outbreaks of diseases and poor living conditions
but it wasn't all bad news because, due to the industrial revolution, Britain was now a lot wealthier
Britain became known as the 'Workshop of the World' because we were very capable of working in these factories efficiently
coal mining
Coal kick started the industrial revolution
Coal could easily be dug up and as a result, over a thousand coal mines were made in Britain.
Vast quantities of coal would be shipped to the main cities, Liverpool, Manchester and London
it produces up to three times more heat energy than wood. Can burn for longer aswell
when they went deeper to find coal, the mains got more likely to flood. this is why they made the first piston, to get the water out of the mines.
wood had been the main fuel but it was expensive and it was running out
Working in the mines and the conditions for workers in the mines were horrible. it was cramped, flooding, caving in, this is when we started to ruin our planet and make it worse.
Why Britian?
Because we had many coal deposits close to the surface
consequences of the growth of industries
Advantages
Growth of industries e.g. Iron and textiles
Cheaper goods e.g. cotton
Better, cheaper transport
More goods available to people
Britain's wealth increased vastly
More things available for the poorer people as it was cheaper
Disadvantages
growth of slum housing around factories ( they are horrible cramped disgusting housing conditions)
Machines replaced people so a loss of jobs
Long hours of work in machine driven factories
Unprotected child labour and very poor working conditions
Appalling public health for the working class
Pollution in Industrialised towns and cities
key industries
Iron industry
iron was needed to maker machines, railways etc
Traditionally iron was made through a smelting iron ore
Iron industry, very important in the development of other industries
another problem, the charcoal needed was very expensive to produce. this made the iron expensive too
this method was highly successful and led to a lot of people using it as it was the first cheap metal
In 1707, Abraham Darby found a way to use purified coal to smelt iron.
but the problem with this was that it was too strong and brittle, no one could work it by hand and mould it into small or different shapes
then in 1784, Henry Cort invented 'puddling' to produce 'wrought' iron.
this was so much easier to work/shape, than cast iron. because of all this, it made it so much more popular in the industrial revolution.
steam
Thomas Newcomen invented a brand new machine but it was impractical and could only be used in coal mines. they also used stupid amount of coal. And couldn't be moved around to other places.
James Watt improved this design and made it much smaller for practicality. it now didn't use as much coal and it was now able to be transported to different places so much easier.
positives about coal
burned for longer
produced more heat
burned better
then they found coal
at the beginning of this period people burned wood.Only wood.
cotton
Raw cotton then had to be spun and woven. this was a long and expensive process at the beginning
1771- Arkwright starts the first ever proper cotton factory in the world.
raw cotton was grown in hot countries like America India and Egypt. then it was shipped to England to be made into cloth
The invention of machines means cotton can be produced quicker and cheaper:
1733- John Kay. Invented a weaving machine called the 'flying shuttle'
1764- James Hargreaves. Invented the 'Spinning Jenny'
1769- Richard Arkwright. Improved the 'Spinning Jenny' using a waterwheel. Later it went to steam power
Before 1750, clothes were homemade by hand.( they used wool which would not have comfortable against your skin)
By 1850 there were more than 2,000 cotton factories in Britain. This drove down the price of cotton dramatically. Ordinary people for the first time could now afford cotton.
Most of the cotton factories (mills) were in the North- West near the port of Liverpool where the cotton arrived.
At first the price of cotton in 1770 was £2.00. In today's money that is £334 but by the time it got to 1860 a roll was 25p (£28). The price went down more than 10% . This is because there were more than 2,000 factories in England at this time.
conditions for factory workers and employment reform.
Many people began to work in factories, but little care was given to their health
Children were employed from a young age due to their small size and nimble fingers
There were regular accidents which led to injuries or death
Workers were expected to work very long hours, with few days off.
Overtime laws ( or acts) were introduced to improve working conditions
factory act- 1833- this was the first law to protect workers
children under the age of thirteen had to be given two hours of education a day.
this was so then the children had more opportinities of jobs opened up
children aged nine to thirteen were not allowed to work more that nine hours a day
they also could not work at night
children under the age of nine were not allowed to work in factories
more changes were introduced in different acts; 1844, 1847, 1850
children fourteen to eighteen were not allowed to work more than twelve hours a day
changes to transport
before 1750 there were no new roads in Britian
most of the roads were muddy tracks
but these people paid a fee to the others using their roads, this was fine for the rich and the people who made the roads but it wasn't fine for the poor
the government didn't want to make any new roads so they said to the people that if they wanted to they could build their own roads
the last roads built were back in the roman times. no one new how to build roads, so people got jobs in making them
now there was the industrial revolution, there was a bigger need for roads
before 1750 there was no new roads so people lived near work and travelled little
John MacAdam designed a road the was firm and practical.
nowadays they add tar ontop of this design. hence the name tarmac
back then, these roads were used for stage coaches pulled by a horse. they could now go a lot faster travelling
as the roads improved journey times decreased
before the roads were improved the journey to Edinburgh was a ten day trip. after MacAdam's design it only took two days
London to Newcastle had taken six days and now it only took one
canals
growing industries needed to move heavy goods
roads could not handle the weight and they were too expensive
sea routes were normally too long and many rivers were too shallow
Canals were the answer!!!
Canals were man made rivers and could carry up to forty tonnes
Railways
But the first major railway line was between Manchester and Liverpool. This was in 1829 and was the first of its kind.
This train could carry up to a thousand passengers a day. The leading train was called the 'rocket' because it went 35 mph which was very fast back 200 years ago
the first passenger train was biult by George Stephenson
this train ran between Stockton and Darlington
But most of the day it went 10mph
Trains could travel fast and could carry a lot of weight
On its first day however an MP was killed. Not everyone was happy about a new train and some viewed it as dangerous
for the first time it meant that now people could commute to work and some upper class children could commute to school.
But it was really expensive therefore the government introduced the 1844 Railway Act
so instead of lowering the prices they added a third class carraige at the back of every train. they could not charge more that a penny a mile.
Public Health
Edwin Chadwick
Chadwick was a civil servant who was asked to investigate the living conditions and health of the poor
But Chadwick did believe in Miasma. A problem was that Chadwick put the human poo in the Thames instead of the street which made cholera worse as the water was now contaminated
Chadwick said in his report that the poor people should have fresh clean water and clean streets
John Snow
John was the first man who believed that Cholera was spread by contaminated water
700 people died in Soho were he lived. They all drank from the same pump and when he broke the handle of the water pump and no one else died in that area. He proved his theory!!!
John snow found out that a lady l;iving far away had died in a similar way and found out that she made her servants go and get the water for the contaminated pump because she liked the taste of it. Mmmmmm yummy human excrement!!!
living in the industrial revolution
people wrongly believed that diseases were spread by bad smells, miasma
at this time, the average life expectancy was 18.But half of babies died before they got to this age.
during the industrial revolution, towns and cities grew at an alarming rate. This led to a number of problems such as:
the rent went up so people letted houses. this meant a lot of families crammed into one house.
there wasnt any normal loos back then and there was about 1 loo per 4 houses. Bceause there was about 30 or 40 people per house the loos often overflowed
houses were packed as there was only terraced housing
slum houses and over crowding
water becoming contaminated as open loos shared with a lot of families
there was the lack of sewers to take away the waste so the poo and wee trickled slowly through the soil. This was a problem as people got their 'fresh' water from wells in the ground
there were regular outbreaks of deadly disease e.g. cholera
there was poor hygiene and sanitation
Disadvantages of the industrial revolution as a whole
Advantages of the industrial revolution as a whole
Newer roads were built as the older ones couldn't hold much weight and horses couldn't go very fast on the cobbled ground
technology has been thoroughly developed due to the industrial revolution. we now have new and better technology. If we didn't have the industrial revolution when we did, then we wouldn't have i-phones or computers or most of the technological things that we have nowadays.
more and preferable transport was created for better ways around the country
more goods were now available to people from all different leads of life
Britian's wealth increased greatly and more things were available for poorer people
there was a growth in industries like iron and cotton
cheaper goods
We found coal underground and this fueled most of the machines and engines in the industrial revolution
Public health was improved hugely and new things were found out about diseases that weren't known like that not all diseases were airborne through bad smells
Canals were made
the coal kick started the climate crisis
thousands more people died due to cholera and dirty water
Loads of people and children died in factories due to being caught or crushed underneath machines
people at this time only lived to 18
Trains and new fast transport meant deaths and on the trains first day an MP was killed as he fell out of the train
there was a lot of inequality and the people born into bad serves of life normally stayed that way until quite a lot later the children in factories got a couple of hours of education a day
a lot of houses were over crowded a lot and normally there was an average of 35 to 40 people per house
this led to overflowing sewers and slum houses
Overall millions of people died in the industrial revolution