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31 TEXT & CONTEXT. TEXT TYPOLOGY: CRITERIA FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF…

- - - - Product
      - Process
    - - of Structure
        
        Global structure
      - of Texture
        
        Meaning relations: semantic (coherence) & lexico-grammatical patterns (coherence)
    - - within the Sentece
        
        Theme systems
        
        Theme (the starting point of a message)
        
        Rheme (the rest of the message in a clause)
        
        Information systems
        
        Given elements (old information)
        
        New elements (new informartion)
        
        Intonation patterns in Speech
        Punctuation in Writing
      - of Discourse
    - - CONSTITUTIVE PRINCIPLES: Text/User-centred
        
        Informativity
        
        The extent to which the events of the text are expected-unexpected, known-unknown (content & function words)
        
        Situationality
        
        Relevant to a situation of occurrence/context of situation
        
        Acceptability
        
        The receiver's attitude. Having some use/relevance for the listener
        
        Intentionality
        
        The producer's attitude. Instrumental in fulfilling the speaker's intentions/purpose
        
        Grice' Cooperative Principle/ Conversational Maxims
        
        Quantity
        
        Be informative
        
        Quality
        
        Be truthful
        
        Relation
        
        Be relevant
        
        Manner
        
        Be brief & clear
        
        Coherence
        
        The components of the textual world, which underlie the surface text, are mutually accessible and relevant
        
        Intertextuality
        
        The factors which make the use of one text dependent upon the knowledge of previously encountered texts
        
        Cohesion
        
        The components of the surface text (the words we hear or see) are mutually connected within a sequence
      - REGULATIVE PRINCIPLES
        
        Effectiveness
        
        Has a good potential for fulfilling an aim
        
        Appropiateness
        
        Suits the communicative situation where it is used
        
        Efficiency
        
        Useful to the participants with a minimum effort
    - - Context of Situation: extralinguistic factors
        
        Field
        
        "What is happening": the nature of the social action
        
        Tenor
        
        "Who is taking part": the nature of the participants
        
        Mode
        
        "What part the language is playing": the function
      - Context of Culture
        
        The broader background against which the text has to be interpreted
- - - - Definition & Purpose
        
        To persuade & convince the audience of the value of the arguments presented
      - Role
        
        Secondary: mixed up with other discourse types, rarely appear on their own but it is always present at all levels
      - Genres/Instances
        
        Discussion, Interview, Speech, Essay, Opinion letter, Letter or Book on literary criticism
    - - Definition
        
        Explanation & analysis of a subject/issue in a clear, detailed, organised way for the reader to understand & have relevant information
      - Emphasis on
        
        Form & Organisation through a point-by-point discussion of a complex matter
      - Vocabulary
        
        neutral, objective & analytical
      - Role
        
        Seconday: mixed-up with other discourse types, but present at all levels (literary or not, fiction or non-fiction)
      - Instances
        
        Essays, Scientific Treatises, Text books, Newspaper articles, Political Speeches & Lectures
    - - Definition & Purpose
        
        Representation of people, animals, objects, atmospheres in order to describe/present their attributes & to create a mental image in the reader’s mind
      - Related to
        
        Narrative: focus on actions/events structured in terms of space rather than time
      - Role
        
        Secondary: they do not have the illocutionary force of showing what the speaker’s speech act is intended to achieve
      - Genres
        
        same as Narrative
    - - Definition & Purpose
        
        To tell their reader what to do in a clearly specified situation, assuming the reader knows what he wants to do, but needs to be told "how to do it"
      - Vocabulary
        
        objective & unemotional
      - Found in
        
        Cookery-book, User’s manual
    - - Instances
        
        Novels, Short stories, Poetry, Plays, Drama, News stories, Biographies, Reports
      - Genres
        
        Folktales (Wonder/Tall/Realistic tales, Fables, Legends, Myths), Science/Contemporary/Historical fiction; Mysteries, Fantasy
      - Features
        
        1) Elements (characters, setting, plot, conflict, theme)
        2) Inherent chronological order, 3) Narrator's point of view
      - Organized
        
        around Characters & Plot using story grammar (Beginning/Middle/End)
      - Based on
        
        Life-experiences, person-oriented by using dialogue & familiar language
      - Definition & Purpose
        
        Action, events in time & life in motion in order to tell a story, to entertain or to provide an aesthetic literary experience
  - - - Communicative functions as rhetorical strategies
        
        Express an attitude
        
        Inform
        
        Persuade
        
        Create a debate
    - - Modes of discourse realised through text types
        
        Descriptive
        
        Expository
        
        Instrumental
        
        Narrative
        
        Argumentative
- - - - The specific features of the topic of discourse:
        legal, scientific, advertising (matimony/marriage)
        
        The relations btw the speakers according to the situation, degree of familiarity, their social position (sir/pal)
        
        The manner of transmission of a message, the channel: written, spoken (ASAP/as soon as possible)
  - - - Geographical variants: shop/store, lift/elevator, biscuit/cookie
        
        Age groups: specially younger groups, really careful not to use out-dated terminology: dope/cool, flex/show off, vibe/mood or atmosphere, chill/relax, YOLO, FOMO...
        
        Social groups: ain't/not to be, gonna/going to, reckon/think