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Final Exam - Coggle Diagram
Final Exam
Hardy-Weinberg equation
Gene
poolAll of the alleles of every gene in a population make up the gene pool
A population is a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same region and can interbreed with each other
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Hardy-Weinberg equation
predicts an equilibrium-unchanging allele and genotype frequencies from generation to generation-if certain conditions exist in a population
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- No genetic drift. The population is so large allele frequencies do not change due to random sampling effects
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HW vs Punnett
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The frequency of gametes carrying a particular allele is equal to the allele frequency for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Multiplying the allele frequencies gives the proportion of each allele combination in the population.
HW equations
If, instead, we always use p and q rather than choosing an upper and lowercase letter to represent alleles:
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The Assumptions of HW
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Natural selection
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In this example, 2 (triangle) has more vigorous offspring
Over time, individuals with the 2 genotype are able to reproduce more and grow in numbers
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Life history
Life history
To predict if a population will grow or shrink, ecologists need to know birth and death rates for organisms at different ages as well as the current age and sex makeup of the population.
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Population age structure—Are there lots of: young individuals? Old individuals? Reproductive age individuals?; and similar questions
Population growth rate—How fast is the population size growing (or shrinking)? Population survivorship patterns—Does most mortality occur in the very young? The very old? Or equally across all ages?
Age distribution
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lx(Fx)x = average number of offspring per capita at time x, weighted by age x
Life table practice, R0
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Represents the expected number of offspring an individual will produce over its lifetime in the population.
If R0>1, the population size increases.
If R0<1, the population size decreases, and
if R0=1, then population size does not change.
Life table practice, G
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Calculated by taking the sum of the Age-weighted fecundity column and then dividing by the net reproductive rate
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For humans, typically 20-35 years of age
Life table practice, r
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Calculated by taking the natural log of the net reproductive rate divided by the mean generation time.
If r>0, the population size increases.
If r<0, the population size decreases, and
if r=1, then population size does not change.
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Mendelian genetics
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Principle of Dominance
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Homozygosity, both alleles are the same
Principle of Segregation
Alleles are segregated, separated, from one another during meiosis
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During meiosis, 2 members of a gene pair separate from each other
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Genetic variation
Diploid individual
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Resemble each other in size, shape & hereditary information
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Independent assortment
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In general, the possibilities are 2n
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