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Nervous System Gisselle De Jesus Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Gisselle De Jesus Per.1
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
(PNS)Cranial nerves arising from the brain and brainstem and Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord
(CNS) Brain and spinal cord
Reflex arc
arcs provide the basis for involuntary actions called reflexes
interneuron in the CNS
motor neuron, that carries a command to effectors.
sensory neuron, that carries the information from a receptor
toward the CNS.
effector (muscle or gland that carries out the reflex) that responds
to the initial change
sensory receptor that detects changes
Spinal nerves
Brachial Plexuses
arise from lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves: supply muscles and skin of arms, forearms, and hands, lead into the upper limbs; include the musculocutaneous, ulnar, median radial, and axillary nerves
Cervical Plexuses
lie on either side of the neck; supply muscles and
skin of the neck; include the phrenic nerves, which control the diaphragm.
Lumbosacral Plexuses
arise from the lower spinal cord ;supply muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks, and legs; include the obturator, femoral, and sciatic nerves
Major parts and functions of the brain
Diencephalon: processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic
processes.
Cerebellum: coordinates muscular activity
Cerebrum: largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and
sensory & motor functions.
Brainstem: coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects
different parts of the nervous system.
Classification of neurons
Interneurons(association or internuncial neurons)
Multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons; the cell bodies of some interneurons aggregate in specialized masses called nuclei
motor(efferent)
multipolar neurons that conduct
impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands).
Sensory(afferent)
conduct impulses from peripheral
receptors to the CNS; usually unipolar, although some are bipolar.
Drugs of abuse (Mouse Party)
Methamphetamine
Causes for dopamine to stay in the synaptic cleft, causing the cell to overstimulate
Alcohol
Interacts with GABA to make it more inhibitory and it prevents glutamate from exciting the cell.
Marijuana
THC takes anandamise's place and aloows for dopamine to squirt into the synapse
Ecstasy
Takes serotonin's place and causes the transporter to take serotonin out of the cell
Heroine
Effects the opiate receptors that are responsible for transmission of pain signals, stress response, and emotional attachment.
Cocaine
Blocks dopamine transporters and dopamine stays in the synaptic cleft, overstimulating the cell.
LSD
Resembles serotonin and affects excited and inhibited receptors
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
When action potential is reached, cell responds by returning to resting potential by process of repolarization
Repolarization returns the polarized state, and is accomplished by outward flow of potassium through potassium channels
At end of repolarization, a slight overshoot called hyperpolarization occurs, in which potential dips below -70 mV
Finally, the Na+/K+ pump moves Na+ ions back out of cell, and K+ back into cell
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Ascending tracts carry sensory information to the brain; descending tracts carry
motor information from brain to muscles or glands.
Spinal reflexes: controlled by reflex arcs that pass through the spinal cord.
Major functions: transmit impulses to and from the brain, and to house spinal
reflexes.
Tissues
Interneurons (association or internuncial neurons): multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons: multipolar neurons that conduct
impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands).
Sensory (afferent) neurons: conduct impulses from peripheral
receptors to the CNS; usually unipolar, although some are bipolar.
Cranial nerves
Olfactory
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell.
Optic
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision.
Oculomotor
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust
the amount of light entering the eyes, and focus lenses.
Trochlear
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes.
Trigeminal
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp,
forehead, and upper eyelids.
Abducens
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes.
Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles.
Facial
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors of the anterior tongue
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of equilibrium.
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid
arteries.
Vagus
Somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing
Accessory
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
Hypoglossal
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the tongue
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic
controls involuntary effectors (smooth and
cardiac muscles and glands)
Somatic
controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium: covering around fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers.
Endoneurium: covering around individual nerve fibers (axons)
Epineurium: outer covering of a nerve
Disorders/Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
Meningitis
Infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
Spinal Cord Injury
Damage to the spinal cord
Alzheimer's Disease
A form of dementia associated with age
Autism
Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
Cerebrovascular Accident(Stroke)
Occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted
Major functions of the nervous system
integrative
Coordination of sensory information in the CNS.
Processing of this information is the basis for decision-making
Sensory
detect internal or external
changes.
Information travels from receptors to sensory neurons, which
transport information into the CNS.
motor
Nerve impulses (CNS) are conducted along motor neurons to
effectors.
effectors
muscles or glands that respond to decisions made in the
CNS.
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Creates a sense of feeling good; low levels may lead to depression.
Acetylcholine
Controls skeletal muscle actions.