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FACTS ABOUT SYNTAX, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image…

- - - - A direct object is a noun that receives the action of the verb. Direct objects usually answer the questions “what?” or “whom?
    - - An indirect object (IO) is one which precedes a direct object (DO), Have the semantic roles of goal, recipient, or benefactive
    - - a. I threw [the puppy] [the ball]. (IO = goal)
      - b. John gave [the boys] [the CDs]. (IO = recipient)
      - c. My mother baked [me] [a birthday cake]. (IO = benefactive)
  - - - a. The bus stopped suddenly.
      - b. Shakespeare wrote his plays a long time ago.
      - c. They went to the theater in London.
- - - - Verbs (V)
        
        can combine with an auxiliary
        
        will go, have seen, should run
        
        can be modified by an adverb.
        
        usually sleep, read carefully
      - Adjectives (Adj)
        
        can modify a noun.
        
        a tall man, a cool day, a wonderful trip
        
        can be modified by an adverb.
        
        very clever, extremely clever
      - Nouns (N)
        
        names a person, place or thing.
        
        Examples
        
        A cat
        
        Many kisses
        
        Several sheep
        
        usually has a determiner.
      - Adverbs (Adv)
        
        modifies
        
        adjectives
        
        amazingly cheap, quite nice
        
        other adverbs
        
        very quickly, quite soon
        
        verbs
        
        stop abruptly, usually eat
    - - Auxiliary verbs
        
        is followed by a verb
        
        EX: It will rain.
        
        is negated directly
        
        EX: She would not come.
      - Pronouns
        
        act as nouns
        
        I, you, he, she, it
      - Determiners
        
        come before nouns
        
        Examples
        
        quantifiers
        
        many, any, all, several
        
        possesives
        
        my, your, his, her
        
        articles
        
        a, the
      - Prepositions
        
        stand before noun phrases
        
        in, on, about, with, at
      - Conjunctions
        
        Examples
        
        V - V
        
        run or walk
        
        Adj - Adj
        
        warm but rainy
        
        N - N
        
        women and men
        
        S - S
        
        I will talk and he will write.
        
        connect two words at the same level.
- - - - Sentences
      - Structure
    - - combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences
      - specify the correct word order for a language
      - describe the relationship between the
        meaning and the arragement
      - specify the grammatical relations of
        a sentence
  - - - rhetorically effective use of
        syntactic structures
      - prescriptions for
        how to use structures and words
      - description of syntactic structure
      - functional command of sentence structure
    - - Prescriptive Grammar
        
        separate those of social,
        academic, and linguistic “class”
      - Rhetorically Effective Grammar
        
        informing, persuading, or motivating an audience
      - Descriptive Grammar
        
        the way speakers actually use their language
      - Funtional Grammar
        
        enables us to comprehend and produce language
- - - - The most important syntactic categories (SUBJECT)
      - EX: Jhon / My loveable ponny / a river
    - - It is used to modify nouns and thus often appear as constituents
      - Ex: very fat // as crasy as Jhon
    - - A verb phrase can be used as the predicate of a sentence
      - Ex: Snore // like marry // sleep soundly
    - - Prepositional phrases always consist of a prepositionplus a noun phrase:
      - Ex: from Brazil // for nothing
    - - Adverbial phrases are often used to modify verbs or adjective
      - Ex: almost certainly // as fluently as Mark
  - - - ‘the complete expression of a single thought’.
    - - SIMPLE
        
        A simple sentence consists of a single clause; a clause contains a
        single verb
        
        Ex: Dan washes the dishes
      - COMPOUND
        
        Two clauses can be joined to make a coordinate sentence, as in these
        
        Ex: Denise bought a new coat but she didn’t wear it often
      - COMPLEX
        
        Complex sentences are formed by incorporating clause(s) into another clause
        
        Ex: That the runner from Ohio won the marathon surprised me