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CONTEMPORARY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS, Los Angeles land use... 19th…

- - - - wealthier people move away from
        the central city into the suburbs to
        search for a better quality of life
      - urban sprawl linked to the
        development of transport networks
      - demand for housing causes suburban
        areas to grow and meet demand
        (larger population to accommodate)
      - Issues...
        
        can lead to inner-city areas becoming deprived
        and house prices increasing
        
        strategies can be put in place (e.g, green belt = area
        around a city where building is restricted)
    - - result of push and pull factors
        (seeking a better quality of life)
      - modern technology and socio-economic
        advancements mean there are less drawbacks
        living in rural areas e.g, easier transport links
      - Issues...
        
        higher rural house prices
        
        less public transport use in villages
        
        conflict between existing elderly
        population and new residents
    - - usually occurs when schemes are put
        in place that aim to improve quality of
        life in the city (regeneration)
      - associated with upwardly mobile young
        people who are pulled to the centre of
        the city = encourages revival of inner-city
        and CBD areas
      - city centres are the location of 72% of all
        highly skilled jobs
      - Issues...
        
        can cause socioeconomic inequalities -
        gentrification & excess wealth = original
        population struggle to keep up with higher prices
      - Ubisoft - MONTREAL:
        
        high tech industry - located in centre of 24
        hour city = employees had good access to shops
        
        do not want a long commute
        
        can afford location as needs little floor space
  - - - people from different social and
        cultural backgrounds migrate into city
        (multiculturalism = increased)
      - urbanised areas develop into cultural hubs
        (quality of life = increased)
      - improved access to different jobs,
        education, healthcare services etc
        (income / quality of life = increased)
    - - shift in employment from primary
        sector to tertiary sector (e.g, finance)
        
        increases higher wage jobs
      - rural-urban migration brings large
        population to urban areas = more
        people working / contributing to
        economy
        
        decline in areas people move away from
      - economic inequalities may arise
        (overpopulation and lack of resources)
        
        cost of living is higher
    - - urban areas = centres for technological
        advancement
      - new technologies introduced first
        into cities as there is a higher demand
    - - central political institutions are in
        the capital = focus on political activties
      - political movements more prevalent
        in cities
    - - cities host cultural diversity
      - mainly young adults in cities
        as move for education, social
        life and employment opportunities
      - older people move into suburbs
        in search of better quality of life
- - - - Reduced need for labour
        
        rapid mechanisation increased productivity
        per worker
      - Reduced demand
        
        household income increased = spend more
        disposable income on services NOT manufactured
        goods
        = reduced productivity in manufacturing sector
      - Globalisation of manufacturing
        
        increasing number of multinationals outsourcing
        labour to LDEs
      - Increased costs
        
        cost of raw materials / those associated with
        political decision making (e.g, tighter
        environmental restrictions)
    - - unemployment - insufficient support to
        create new suitable employment opportunities
        (depletes quality of life)
      - social deprivation - worsening health,
        education, crime, access to services etc
    - - high levels of protectionism that
        did not encourage efficiency of
        manufacturing industries
      - trade unions resistant to change
      - UK investors continuing to heavily
        invest abroad where new opportunities
        offered higher returns on capital investment
      - outdated plants and machinery
      - unfavourable exchange rates (result
        from oil discoveries and fiscal policies)
- - - - unusual architecture (emphasis on aesthetic - incorporate meaning and symbolism)
        
        tertiary and quaternary industries are main sectors of economy (services by the market)
        
        fragmented urban forms rather than being concentrated in one area
        
        large amount of socioeconomic inequality exists, although more diverse
        
        high levels of social polarisation
- - - - city minimum wages
        
        e.g, London - minimum wage is higher than the rest of the country as the cost of living is high in comparison to to the rest of the country
        
        HOWEVER... some countries don't have this so the informal economy makes it difficult to regulate minimum wages
      - fair rent & housing policies
        
        legislations put in place for people to access safe & affordable homes
        = reduces economic inequality existing within cities
        
        laws - ensure people pay a fair price for rent
      - recognising informal housing issues
        
        developing countries = informal housing can exacerbate severe inequalities
        
        in some countries residents are evicted / homes demolished to limit growth
        
        BUT... to limit inequality and social issues these settlements can be recognised by the law as residential areas = provides tools / resources to make them safe for people to live in
      - encourage multiculturalism
        
        festivals can encourage social cohesion (allows people to celebrate different cultures)