Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

MEMORY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1) primary acoustic store = stores words
        ('inner ear')
      - 2) Articulatory process = used for speech
        production and allows maintenance rehearsal
        ('inner voice')
      - reported on word length effect
        
        recalled more short words than long
        
        supports idea capacity of PL is set by how
        it takes to say words
- - - - Proactive = old interfering with new
        
        e.g, memory of an old phone number
        disrupts the attempt to recall a new one
      - Retroactive = new interfering with old
        
        e.g, memory of a new car registration
        interferes with the recall of a previous one
  - - - recall hindered if context of recall
        is different to that at coding
      - effectiveness depends on:
        1) how overloaded it is (number of cues associated)
        2) how deep the processing
        3) how well the cue fits the info associated
    - - Context-dependent failure= external retrieval cues at the time of encoding that don't match those
        present at recall
        GODDEN & BADDELEY - divers learnt material either on dry land or underwater
        
        recall worse when occured in different context
        
        e.g, recalling words learned under water were
        recalled better when under water
      - State-dependent forgetting = internal retrieval cues at at the time of encoding don't match those
        at recall
        OVERTON - learnt material when either drunk or sober
        
        recall was worse when in a different internal state
        
        e.g, recalling info learned drunk while drunk was more successful than when sober
- - - - EVALUATION...
        
        consequences of inaccurate memories
        are minimal in research settings compared to
        real-life incidents
        
        participants don't expect to be deliberately misled
        by researchers
        
        misleading info often affects unimportant aspects
        of memory (memory for important events isn't as
        easily distracted with obvious misleading info)
        
        studies use potentially distressing stimuli = ethical concerns - elements of deceit)
      - Post-event discussion = demonstrates idea
        of 'memory conformity'
    - - LOFTUS - 'weapon affect'
        
        witness to violent crimes focus on weapons used
        rather than culprits face
        
        negatively affects ability to recall
      - The Yerkes-Dodson inverted-U hypothesis (IUH)
        
        relationship between arousal and performance
        
        sees moderate amounts of anxiety as improving
        the detail of accuracy of memory recall up to an optimal point
      - FREUD - anxiety hinders recall of memories
        
        saw forgetting as motivated by traumatic memories
        
        access to memories would be barred = protects
        individuals from emotional distress
      - EVALUATION...
        
        much research is lab based
        
        care must be taken with EWT studies of anxiety
        (studies could produce high levels of psychological
        harm)
        
        other factors could have a mediating effect (e.g,
        research indicates age can have an effect on EWT accuracy and personality factors)
  - - - developed by FISHER & GEISELMAN
        
        series of memory retrieval and communication
        
        improve recall in police interviews
      - Stages...
        
        1) Report everything
        
        even info that has little relevance or
        that is seen as incomplete
        
        acting as a 'cue'
        
        2) Reinstate the context
        
        recall both environmental and emotional
        context of event e.g, weather
        
        3) Change the perspective
        
        recall events from a different perspective
        
        e.g, from the offender
        
        4) Change of narrative order
        
        recall events in a different order other
        than chronological
        
        reduces ability of EW to lie
      - KOHNKEN - meta-analysis of 55 studies
        comparing CI to a standard police interview (SPI)
        
        found CI produced more accurate detail
        
        recall was enhanced when witnesses were
        personally involved in event being witnessed
        
        amount of correct detail produced seemed to decline the longer the CI was conducted
    - - developed by FISHER & GEISELMAN
        
        ECI seeks to build a trusting relationship
        between interviewer and witness =
        improve communciation
      - Features
        
        interviewer not distracting witness with unnecessary
        interruptions / questions
        
        witness controlling flow of info
        
        asking open-ended questions
        
        getting witness to speak slowly
        
        participants reminded not to guess and
        use "don't know" to reduce confabulations
      - focuses on social dynamics of interactions
        between eyewitness and interviewer
      - HOLLIDAY - 'modified cognitive interview'
        (amended form of CI)
        
        suitable for children
        
        stressed importance of trusing relationship
        
        removed 'change of perspective' (too young
        to empathetically empathise with others)
        
        shortened versions (beneficial to police)