ELA TOPIC 4; ENGLISH LANGUAGE SYSTEM
PHONOLOGY
Speech Organs And Articulation
Sounds Of English
The English language sound system comprises 44 sounds or phonemes
"Articulatory phonetics is the study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language."
Movement of the tongue and lips creates constriction, reshaping the oral cavity in various ways to produce various sounds.
CONSONANTS
VOWELS
A vowel sound is created when air flows smoothly, without interruption, through the throat and mouth.
Different vowel sounds are produced when a speaker changes the shape and placement of articulators (parts of the throat and mouth).
The vocal tract must be made narrower than usual at some point to produce a consonant. This constriction is referred to as a narrowing.
generally described along three dimensions:
Place of articulation: The location of the constriction in the vocal tract.
The "manner of articulation" is essentially everything else: how narrow the constriction is, whether air is flowing through the nose, and whether the tongue is dropped down on one side.
VOICING: whether or not the vocal folds vibrate (voiced = vibrating).
PRAGMATICS
Definition
The study of how context and situation
affect meaning
The branch of linguistics that studies language use, in particular the relationship among syntax and semantics, and understanding the context of a situation
TYPES
COHESION
COHERENCE
refers to the connection that exists between elements in
the text”
EXAMPLE
James likes yellow apples. He eats them every day.
In this case, cohesion is achieved by the use of personal pronouns “he” and “them”.
the interpretation of “he” depends on another element in the text (i.e. “James”).
WIDE SENSE
NARROW SENSE
semantic organisation that combines multiple sentences into a single, understandable text.
the link created by the reader's or listener's understanding that enables them to understand any given speech
Pragmatics-Maxims of Conversation
Gricean Maxism
quantity
relation
quality
manner
Don't make claims that you know to be untrue or which you have no supportive evidence.
Quantity: Include as much information in your contribution as is needed, but neither more nor less.
Relationships need to be relevant at the time of speaking.
Manner→ Avoid ambiguity and confusion; be clear, brief, and organised.
perkara yg dibincangkan haruslah berkaitan antara satu sama lain
Flouting Maxism
Definition
When speakers appear to disregard the maxims, they expect listeners to recognise implied meanings.
The literal meaning of the words used is not what the speaker means to imply.
Quality
Relation
Mannner
Quantity
giving either too much or too little information.
irony
sarcasm
euphemism
metaphor
exaggeration (overstatement)
banter
a term or expression used to refer to something unpleasant or embarrassing in replacement of one considered to be extremely harsh or direct.
the use of language to express meaning when it usually means the opposite, usually for comedic or emphatic effect.
we say the opposite of what we mean
the playful and friendly exchange of teasing remarks.
Violating Maxisms
the speaker purposely violates the maxims and expects that the hearer will take the words at face value and act accordingly.
Quality
Quantity
deliberately providing insufficient information so that the
hearer will not fully understand the situation.
being insincere or lying) needs little explanation.
using manner or relation
Pragmatics - Speech Acts
Definition
an utterance that serves a function in communication.
offer an apology, greeting, request,
complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
Speech Acts Theory
In literary conversations when characters seem to be saying one thing but are actually expressing another, such as when a character is apparently giving advise but is actually delivering a threat,
Types
Illocutionary act
Prelocutionary act
Locutionary act
simple sentences that describe what a speaker says
the speaker’s intention or underlying purpose in making an utterance
effects that the speaker's words have on the listener, whether those effects are intentional or not.