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Water resources of India, hello papa - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Climatic reasons
        
        Rainfall is distributed unevenly
        
        Multiple cropping can be practised
        
        Monsoon is uncertain
      - Crop based reasons
        
        Winter season is a dry period in India, so irrigation is required to grow Rabi crops
        
        Some plants like rice jute and sugarcane require more water
        
        Development of agriculture enables cultivation of high yielding and quick maturing crops
        
        To increase the net sown area, to introduce agriculture in the semi arid areas
- - - - They are deep wells, whicha re more than 15m deep, from which water is lifted using a pumping set operated by an electric motor
      - Disadvantages
        
        Compared to canal irrigation, they irrigate less area
        
        They lead to depletion of groundwater since they draw largw amounts of water
        
        Money must be spent for diesel
        
        During droughts, level of groundwater drops
      - Advantages
        
        Tubewell water increases fertility of soil
        
        It is independent and can be used anywhere and anytime
        
        Water can be taken from greater depths since they are electric
        
        Can irrigate large area (2 hectares)
      - Distribution
        
        UP, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
    - - They are canals which draw water from artificial lakes of dams or barrages to provide water throughout the year
      - Advantages
        
        Sediments in it add to fertility of soil
        
        Some are multipurpose projects
        
        Perennial sources of irrigation ; Droughts can be handled
        
        Cheaper in the long run
      - Disadvantages
        
        Too much alkaline salts make soil unfit for cutivation
        
        Marshy areas create breeding ground for mosquitos
        
        Waterlogging occurs along the canal route
      - Distribution
        
        UP,Punjab Haryana Andhr Pradesh West Bengal
    - - It is the system of irrigation drop by drop. It is similar to rain. Water is distributed through a system of pipes and then spayed into the air. It enables uniform application of water.
      - Advantages
        
        Suitable for all types of soil
        
        Independent of topography of the area
        
        No terracing required
        
        Fertilizers and pesticides can be added
      - Disadvatages
        
        High investment due to equipment and high energy requirements
        
        Debris and sediments can cause clogging
        
        High operation expenses
      - Distribution
        
        Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Punjab Haryana
    - - It is a method which allows water and fertilizers to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly into the root zone. It is also known as trickle irrigation, micro irrigation, localised irrigation.
      - Advantages
        
        Field levelling is not neccesary
        
        Moisture is maintained in root zone
        
        Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimised
        
        Less soil erosion
      - Disadvantages
        
        May turn fields into fallow lands when natural leaching is not enough
        
        Night frost can happen
        
        May lead to clogging
        
        Pipes can be damaged by heat
      - Distribution
        
        Rajasthan Karnataka UP MP
  - - - They are holes dug in the ground, 3-5 metres deep. They are popular in places where sufficient groundwater is available and the soil is soft enough to dig wells.
      - Advantages
        
        Simple cheap and independent source
        
        It does not make the soil saline or alkaline
        
        The farmers do not have to pay any agency
        
        Several chemicals add to fertility of soil
        
        THey can be dug at any convenient place
      - Disadvantages
        
        They irrigte a limited area 0.2 hectares
        
        They may dry up if used recklessly and in summers
        
        It is not possible where groundwater is brackish
        
        It is time consuming
      - Distribution
        
        Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
    - - They are constructed by building earthen walls across a depression or river behind which rainwater collects
      - Advantages
        
        They allow storage of surface water during monsoon to be used later
        
        They are easy to construct and economical
        
        The help to raise the underground water level
      - Disadvantages
        
        They use up large areas of land which could be used for agriculture
        
        They dry up in summer and become useless
        
        They are shallow and so lot of water evaporates
        
        It is difficult to carry water from tanks to fields
      - Distribution
        
        Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
    - - Inundation canals are taken out directly from the rivers without making any kind of barrage or dam
      - Disadvantages
        
        They are operational at rainy season only
        
        There is no system of regulating the flow of water
      - Advantages
        
        They deposit silt on agricultural ground,naturally fertilising the soil
        
        They are operational without any cost
      - Distribution
        
        Sutlej-Ganga plains and Brahmaputra valley