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U33, Figurative language - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Describes things as he comes to them, without a specific order
    - - Captures his subjective/personal impressions, emotions & experiences rather than providing an accurate, detailed description. Not trying to paint a reflection of life, but an 'impression' of it
    - - From a fixed position, describing the items in a systematic way (from left to right, foreground to background, etc.)
- - - - Denotation
        
        intellectual/general/ scientific language
      - Connotation
        
        Connotations of the Langue
        
        Pessimistic
        
        Dysphoric
        
        Optimistic
        
        Euphoric
        
        of the language system itself
        
        Connotations of the Parole
        
        of individual use
        
        Cultural connotations
        
        affective/individual/ aesthetic language
      - the most important
    - - Reification
        
        proccess of:
        
        Adjectives are turned into abstract Nouns to get a more impressive communicative effect (e.g. black eyes > the blackness of his eyes)
      - Thematic preferences
        
        Preference of certain types of Adjs over others depending on the theme or topic (e.g. Adjs of color when describing landscapes)
      - Semantic loads
        
        Using several semantic features repeatedly in the same sentence to obtain a special effect (positivenes, tensenes, inferiority, etc.)
      - Articulator of experience
        
        When certain words are repeated over and over again throughout the text, they end up creating an axis/backbone (e.g. a sense of defeat, liberty, etc.)
      - Representation of experience
      - Reiteration
        
        Repetition
        
        It creates ‘chains’ of connected words running through discourse (essential for cohesion)
        
        Stylistic repetition
        
        To produce aesthetic effects/functions (e.g. calm, still, silence, solemn, quietness)
    - - Intentionally breaking linguistic rules & conventions, deviating from the expected norm of language use, to create a particular effect or draw attention to that expression/part.
    - - Lexical choices: use of vocabulary
        
        Word order: sentence structure
        
        Figurative language: metaphors, personification, etc.
        
        Rhetorical devices: repetition
- - - - to provoke emotions/affective response, not to inform
    - - Power of observation (of the writer) & Wealth of impressions
    - - /persuasive: represent the writer's feelings: "vividness"
    - - Appeal to senses
        
        The most powerful device to achieve "vividness": the intersensorial transfer of Synaesthesias: combination of sensations/senses. Adding depth & richness by blending different senses/crossing sensory boundaries
        
        Verbal montage
        
        A rapid succession/sequence of images (in a motion picture) to illustrate an association of ideas
        
        Dominant impression
        
        The central, unifying theme. The feeling the author is trying to convey through his description in a single word or phrase
        
        Prominent features
        
        Aspects/characteristics that stand out & catch our attention
        
        Usually, but not always, the centres around which we create our Dominant impression
        
        Synaesthesia: one sense described in terms of another
        
        Descriptive texts are capable of activating the readers' visual sense & evoke mental images
        
        to obtain (lively) effects by visual, auditory, olfatory, tactile & taste means
      - Careful selection of words
        
        to give a more vivid, strong, immediate impression by means of vocabulary choices
      - Balanced use of Literary devices
        
        Personification
        
        Dehumanization
        
        Hyperboles
        
        Metaphors
    - - Literary texts
  - - - Topographies: inanimate items: objects, landscapes, atmospheres
      - Describes a spatial relationship among the objects
    - - Chronologies: actions, feelings, situations
      - Describes a period of time where events take place
    - - Prosopography
        
        Physical appearance
        
        Portrait
        
        Physical & psychological features
      - Caricature
        
        Exaggeration (hyperbole), associated with the Dominant impression
      - Etopeia
        
        Moral/psychological description
- - - - A communicative occurrence which has to meet 7 Standards of Textuality. If any of these is not satifistied, it will not fullfill its function and will not be communicative
        
        Cohesion
        
        Coherence
        
        Intentionality
        
        Acceptability
        
        Informativity
        
        Situationality
        
        Intertextuality
      - De Beaugrande & Dressler (1988)
    - - The factors which make the use of one text dependent on the knowledge of previously encountered texts: how the production & reception of a text depends on the participants' (producer & receiver) knowledge of other texts
        
        Historically & structuraly, texts do not occur in isolation, but are connected to other works of the same genres, and to other genres. This influence works in both directions
        
        The relationship btw Texts types & Genres is not straightforward: Genres differ in their external formats , whereas Text types differ/are defined in terms of cognitive categories / communicative functions
    - - Halliday & Hasan (1976)
      - What distinguishes a text from sth that is not a text. It consists of cohesive relations within & between sentences. The interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The macrostructure of the text combines with intrasentence structure and intersentence cohesion to provide a text (a fragment of language with texture)
        
        Text
        
        "Any instance of living language that play a role in some context of situation"
        Although it is apparently made of words & sentences, it is really made of meanings. It is a semantic & pragmatic unit, not a linguistic one. Hence, it has to be considered from two perspectives at once, both as product & as process
    - - To study/examine how sentences work together to produce coherent text & discourses
        
        Rhetoric
        
        Can be traced back to Acient Greece & Rome, through the Middle Ages up to the present. The main task of traditional rhetoricians was to train public orators on:
        
        Inventio: the dicovery of ideas
        
        Dispositio: the arrangement of ideas
        
        Elocutio: the discovery of appropiate expressions
        
        formerly studied by:
    - - In the last decades, Linguistics has experienced a number of changes, including an attempt to analyse the global meaning of sentences in a specific communication context. The sentence was considered the biggest unit of study, but in reality, we do not communicate using isolated sentences, but use a sequence of them to constitute a complete message: a text.
  - - - Express an attitude
      - Inform
      - Persuade
      - Create a debate
      - Communicative functions as Rhetorical strategies
    - - Modes of discourse realised through Text types
      - Argumentative
      - Narrative
      - Instrumental
      - Expository
      - Descriptive