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The era of Mature, Propeller Driven Airplane (1930 – 1950) :star: -…

- - - - CANTILEVER >>no external bracing is needed. They are supported internally by structural members (spars and ribs) assisted by the skin of the aircraft.
        
        HUGO JUNKERS && ANTHONY FOKKER
        
        made the first all metal cantilever for German air forces
        
        Ford Trimotor && Boeing Monomail
        
        establish civil air transport business
    - - Col. V. E. Clark
        
        Made one of the earliest cowlings
      - Cowlings reduce the drag
      - H. L. Townend
        
        His cowling was a short length ring wrapped around the outside of the cylinders
        
        BOEING used that kind of cowling
      - Fred Weick &NACA
        
        Made an NACA cowling design which helped to overcome 60% drag
        
        Lockheed Vega >> first airplane to use that kind of cowling
    - - Fixed pitch propeller
        
        Each airfoil section is it optimum
        angle of attack
        
        Optimum angle of attack >> gives the best (lift/drag) ratio , thus highest cruise efficiency
        
        cruise >> Range between climbing and descent
        
        -Max. efficiency at cruise
        -poor at taking-off
        
        SOLUTION>> to use variable pitch
      - Variable pitch propeller
        
        controlled by pilot
        
        Frank Caldwell
        
        designed first reliable device
      - constant speed propeller
        
        pitch is automatically adjusted to maintain constant engine rpm over the flight range of the airplane