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:flag-gb:PHRASES - Coggle Diagram
:flag-gb:PHRASES
PHRASES (sintagma)
units of analysis that falls between clause and words, can be made of several elements,
group of words
that belong together and have an internal structure
it is important to study phrases bc we speak and read in chunks đ« (biber)
it is more common to read information units rather than single words because that's the way linguistic input is structured
Chunks of text that have a internal realensionship and that are the basic
building blocks
of a text (which is made of chunks)
When we think in terms of phrase we think in terms of
form
, if we think in terms of nouns , verb, objective we think in
function
terms
form do not necessarily determine function
function is determined by the position
A
noun phrase
can be very short (
pens
)
verb phrase
head is a verb
adjective phrase
adverb phrase
prepositional phrase
HEAD
: key words, central element that can stand alone, give crucial inormation, must be present
placed in sequence result in a skeleton which still make a certain amount of sense, capture the essence
to identify a phrase type we nee to identify the head word, They gave the phrase their label
phrase type can be identified from the class of the head word
can stand alone or it may be premodified or postmodified by other elements
grammar can be subdivided in :
inflections (part of the internal structure of a word)
syntax (concerned with the rules by wich words are combined into larger units)
phrases
clauses
sentences
NOUNS
PHRASES
may consist of a single lexical item
the internal order of elements in a linguistic unit is fixed
determiners+premodification+head noun+postmodificatoin
determiners
are not obligatory and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase
max 4
predetermines
all, both, half
: quantifiers, qualifying.
cetnral determiners
the,her,those
: demonstrative, possessive, indefinite, relative.
post determines
first, additional, another
: quantity, ordinal and cardinal numbers
premodifiers
typically
adjectives
there is no limit in number
in speech premodifiers are used far less than in writing
in order: size, age, color, nazionality..
gradable adj occur before non-gradable ones
participial premodifiers (
written reasons)
nouns
(
leather jacket
)
possessive
nouns (
composer's music
)
noun+ noun sequence
dense packaging of info
relations : composition, porpose, identity, content, sources time, institution, partitive, specialization
there is a given order in which these elements can occur
premodifying nouns occur closer to the head noun than adj
premodification of premodifying elements
head noun
postmodification
nouns can be postmodified by
phrases
and
clauses
, apposition
2 more items...
a
pronoun
and cardinal numerals might also be the head of a noun phrase, also some
adjective
can occur in the position of the noun (
the innocent left
)
a way to identify the head noun is to decide which word is most central to the meaning, identify which element is controlling the verb
count, noncount, generic, proper
indentifier :
our research
, numeral :
two groups
, quantifiers:
many groups
most common and central
VERB
PHRASES
there are restriction on the number of elements which can occur (max 6)
may consist of just a lexical verb (may be
multi-word
)
it may include more
auxiliaries
(max 4)
primary
auxiliaries
are used to construct aspects and voices
auxiliar verb precede lexical verbs and occur in a fixed order
ex:
modal auxiliaries
precede primate ones (
might have
)
verb phrase can contain one modal auxiliary and a max of 3 primary auxiliaries
sometimes
adverb
can interrupts the verb phrase
disjuncts tend to occur after the first auxiliary (have certainly been gone)
1 more item...
TENSE
past
indicate by -ed inflection
present
indicate by the base form or -s inflection
past and present tense not only refer to the past or present time (future tense do not exist in english)
we need to distinguish the meaning of a sentence and its grammatical form
when a verb is marked for tense it is
FINITE
if the verb phrase contains a modal auxiliary then the modal will carries tense marking
the element that follows the modal take the base form (might like)
NON-FINITE verb
infinitive particle
to
(
to arrive
)
-ed, -ing
(
summoned to, hoping to
)
ASPECT
indicate whether the action is in progress or is completed
PROGRESSIVE ASPECT
present progressive (
is helping
), past progressive (
was helping
)
the action in question were still in progress at the point referred to
constructed with the primary auxiliary
be
+-ing
PERFECT ASPECT
present perfect (
has helped
), past perfect (
had helped
)
the action referred by the lexical verb is complete and it is still f current relevance
primary auxiliary
have
+ -ed form
both aspects may occur with the modal auxiliary
also exist a present perfect progressive (
has been skating
) and past perfect progressive (
had been skating
) combination
heve
+
be
+ -ing
VOICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
contains an additional auxiliary
be
+ -ed form
ADJECTIVE
PHRASES
=
ADVERB
PHRASES
may consist of the head word only, or pre/ postmodified
usuale premodified by an adverb (intensifier) (
extremely aggressive
)
postmodified by :
Prepositional phrase (
very anxious about her future
)
Infinitive clause (
Very anxious to please
)
That clause (
Very anxious that nobody should accuse him
)
can take complements
PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
cannot stand alone as the head word of a phrase, it has to be accompanied by another element (
prepositional complement
)
in the cupboard, about my friend, for the best friend ever
complemented by noun phrases or clauses
take complements
(on where they are used
)
can also consist of the preposition followed by an adverb (
until now, above here
)
able to post modify head nouns, adverbs and adjectives
can be expanded (
back to the fifties
)
EMBEDDING
Phrases are expanded by adding words of there classes or by adding other phrases
the occurrence of one linguistic unit within another is referred as embedding
the embedded item is subordinated or dependent on the item in which it is embedded
a rather nice invitation
the ability of patterns to repeat themselves in this way is known as recursion