CHAPTER 4: EPISTEMOLOGY

Theory of Truth

History of Epistemology

Introduction (Great Nasya Zafira, A184857)
Epistemology is one of the primary studies of philosophy, and this study has a relation to quantum mechanics, cognitive science

Conditions of Knowledge (Great Nasya Zafira, A184857)

Main School of Thoughts (Gibran Maulana Salafy, A184142)

The Coherence theory (Hanis Athirah binti Lokman Hakim, A185708)

The Pragmatism Theory (Hanis Athirah binti Lokman Hakim, A185708)

The Correspondence theory (Hanis Athirah binti Lokman Hakim, A185708)

A true statement corresponds with reality or with how things really are in the world

A statement is true if it coheres with our beliefs about other statements

A statement is true if it is useful/beneficial to us

Example : If we perceive the sunset as beautiful then the sunset is beautiful.

Example : We say that there is a tv in the room because there is, indeed, a tv in the room.

The truth of a statement is inferred from our network of other beliefs.

Example : we would know that there really is a tv in the room because a room is a space that can be occupied, and a tv can easily occupy a room.

Considers an individual, subjective life

Does not have to be universally verified or validated for it to be regarded as true

Rationalism

Empiricism

Dogmatism

Skepticism

Intuition

Relying on reason for source of knowledge

5 senses nothing to do with the truth

For example: the ultimate court of appeal where right or wrong is judged

Claims experience and observation is the source of truth and knowledge

Knowledge is only gathered through the 5 senses

For example: measurement: like measuring a yield of a field by weighing the vegetables produced

Belief principles are undeniably true without being doubted or considering other opinions

Rejection of knowledge that does not have strong evidence (can even be common sense)

The ability of gaining knowledge that can't be taken from inference or observation

The Integration of Rationalism, Empiricism and Dogmatism (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

The integration of rationalism, empirical science and the dogma of religion make up the ultimate truth, or very strong knowledge

Tradition (Dogmatism) as a source of knowledge

Knowledge in Islam

Revealed knowledge: divine revelation from Quran and Sunnah

Derived knowledge: born of rational-empirical knowledge

Justification
Knowing something has a good reason to believe, and the knowledge can be held the accountability

Beliefs
Only accept the cognition/knowledge that we believe

True Knowledge must be based on the truth

Meaning: One of the subdivision on philosophy The theory that study on how human can acquire knowledge, furthermore epistemology itself including the interpretation of looking over into the origin and the ability of human knowledge.

Modern Period

Renaissance Period (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Enlightenment Period (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Scientific Revolution (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Industrial revolution (Gibran Maulana Salafy, A184142)

Reasoning / Logic

Tradition (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Empiricism (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Empirical rationalism (Gibran Maulana Salafy, A184142)

Spanned the gap between the early modern and contemporary philosophies of knowledge

In this time period, theoretical ideas and judgement are remodeled into theoretical propositional attitudes, sentences and meanings.

Interest in epistemology resurged as a reaction against Neo-Kantian and Neo-Hegelian idealism of the 19th century

Major developments in physics, logic, and mathematics also contributed to the resurgence by raising new methodological issues.

The catalyst for progress was seen in the development of the natural sciences.

Epistemological rupture occurs

A period where the dissolution of philosophical traditions occurs and new scientific epistemologies, methods, and knowledge standards were established.

Theory of Truth between Rationalism and Empiricism
(Kaila Jauza Tsabita A185568)

The definition of the human mind from rational, empirical and dogmatical perspectives

Theory of Truth between Religions
(Kaila Jauza Tsabita A185568)

Rationalism looks for logical consistency.

Hellenistic Period (Gibran Maulana Salafy, A184142)

Post-modern Period

The human mind from a rational perspective

The human mind from an empirical perspective

The human mind from a dogmatical perspective

Rationally, the human mind is a tool of which can be used to obtain the truth through its innate rational capabilities.

Linguistic turn stage (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Epicurus

Tabula rasa theory: the mind is a blank slate from birth and data addition comes from sensory experiences

the divine revelation is embraced by the human mind (‘Aql) in Islam, as the supreme source of knowledge.

The scholastic period placed a huge emphasis on biblical interpretations and Aristotelian principles. This led to the development of empirical research using experiment, observation and mathematical calculation.

The concept of scholastic philosophy was replaced with scientific method during this period

God is known as omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good and all loving creator of the universe.

Empiricism adds evidence that can be repeatedly validated through sensory input to the "head-logic" of rationalism.

Constructive stage

Deconstructive stage (Nur Ain Hikmah binti Zulkarnain A901714)

Tabula rasa ('clean slate') has emerged during the 11th century, as founded by the Persian philosopher Avicenna.

Was one of the earliest sources of knowledge. Traditions laid the basis for the development and advancement of other schools of thought, like empiricism.

The Sophists were the first empiricists in the Western philosophy.

Avicenna argued knowledge acquisition is derived from empirical familiarity with the elements of the word

Tabula rasa: the addition of data to the mind, which is a blank slate at birth, comes from sensory experiences.

French in origin (Gibran Maulana Salafy, A184142)

The theory of structuralism in critical linguistics. As the name implies, deconstruction is the decomposition of structure and then innovation and reorganization.

Primarily on the relations between language, language users, and the world.

Analytic philosophy

Characterized by a focus on language, known as the linguistic turn, as well as clarity and rigor in arguments, employing formal logic, mathematics, and, to a lesser extent, natural sciences.

The theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.

The industrial revolution changed how people think about knowledge and understanding by improving scientific inquiry and introducing new ways of collecting and analyzing data.

This has led to new technologies and methods for understanding the world.

'Deconstruction' was coined by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida in the mid-20th century. Deconstruction is concerned with exposing the underlying assumptions and structures that shape a text or discourse, and with revealing the inherent contradictions and paradoxes within it.

Local Genius

The idea that individuals or groups can have specialized knowledge a particular subject

Founded the Epicurean school of philosophy

Contended that attaining a state of ataraxia, or being free from pain and suffering, is the primary objective of human existence and that this may be accomplished by pursuing knowledge and avoiding needless suffering.

The role of power relationships, personalisation, and discussion in the "construction" of truth and worldviews was called into question by postmodern philosophy.

The rationalist philosophy of René Descartes and Francis Bacon's empiricism set the groundwork for enlightened thinking.

Empirical rationalists argue that knowledge claims should be supported by both empirical evidence and logical argument.

Combines both elements of empiricism and rationalism.

is frequently linked to the Enlightenment intellectuals of the 17th and 18th centuries, such John Locke and Immanuel Kant, who attempted to integrate the philosophical and scientific investigations of rationalism and empiricism.

The existence of an objective reality and moral values were seemingly rejected by postmodernists

According to reformed epistemologists, one can really and quickly believe in god without the use of an argument.