Animal behavior
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Animal response to the biotic environment
Innate behavior
Social behaviors
Learn ed behavior
Imprinting
Conditioning
Trial and error
Habituation
Reasoning
Communication
Thinking
Reasoning
Others behavior
Intraspecific aggressive responses
Problem Solving Behavior
Interspecific responses
Sensitive period
Ivan Pavlov’s dogs
Connect reflex behavior to associated stimulus
Agonistic behavior
Aggressive
Same species
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Saliva
Training
Not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information
Threats or fighting
Competitor gains access to resources
Strong between members members of the same sex
Territories
Marking and defending
Feeding
Mating
Advantages
Disadvantages
Using scenr gland
Using signals
Mark with urine
Singing
Males without territories fail to breed because as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Homing
Space for animal
Reduced disease
Migration
Time response
Harder for predators to find prayers
Reduced fighting
Enough food
Definition
Safe breeding sights that are defended
Refers to regular, annual or seasonal mass movements made by animals from their breeding area to another area.
Best genes are forward to offspring
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Trigger to Migration
Maturation
Some animals migrate as the sex organs mature and there is a need or desire to reproduce
Environmental cues
Such as drop in temperature, shortening of the length of the day
Genetic Drive
The trigger may be inbuilt such as star patterns for navigation are learned, but how to learn then is innate
Endogenous Circadian Rhythm
Internal biological clock
This is the ability of an individual to return to the home site after it has been away to look for food, sometimes over considerable distances.
Methods
Navigation
Is the process by which an animal uses various cues to determine its position in reference to a particular goal
Visual
Solar
Magnetic Fields
Definition
Stellar
Chemical
Sonar
—Environmental Cycles
—Biological clocks
Animals has a response I’m timing such as
—Biological rhythms
Most of the best-known examples of strong homing ability are among birds, particularly racing, or homing, pigeons. Many other birds, especially seabirds and also swallows, are known to have equal or better homing abilities.
Biological orientations(Basic response)
Taxis
destinations
Positive
negative
toward
away
Ex. Flatworms moving towards a pieces of raw meat, Moths flying to a light.
Ex. Trout wil line themselves up in an upstream direction.
Kinesis
random
Ex. starting or stopping, changing speed, turning more/less frequently.
Fixed action patterns (FAP)
specific stimulus!!!
Ex. A male stikleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
Agonistic behavior
Dominance hierarchy
Cooperation
Altruistic behavior
Visual
Audible
Chemical
Tactile
Facial movements express moods
Bird song, nocturnal animals, fish
Pheromones
Threats, rituals, and sometimes combat that determines which competitor gains access to a resource
Caused by conflicts over food, mates, or territories
A higher ranking animal has greater access to resources than a lower ranking animal
Decided by confrontation during which one animal gives way to another
Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting
Dominant male mates more often with the females
Working together in coordination
Tends to increase the fitness of the individual and survival of the population
Altruistic behavior
Kin selection
Reduces individual fitness but increase fitness of others in a population
Increasing survival of close relatives passes these genes on to the next generation
hierarchies
The dominant animal is the most powerful of the pack.
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Animals remain in a favorable temperature
They grow larger
They leave more offspring
They have a constant supply of food
It may lead to the colonization of a new area
Reduces predation/parasitism disease
Greater genetic mixing
Better breeding conditions
They may get lost or caught in a storm
They may get eaten by a predator
They may use up too much energy in the migration, leading to exhaustion
They may starve
It is a huge investment in energy