Animal behavior

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Animal response to the biotic environment

Innate behavior

Social behaviors

Learn ed behavior

Imprinting

Conditioning

Trial and error

Habituation

Reasoning

Communication

Thinking

Reasoning

Others behavior

Intraspecific aggressive responses

Problem Solving Behavior

Interspecific responses

Sensitive period

Ivan Pavlov’s dogs

Connect reflex behavior to associated stimulus

Agonistic behavior

Aggressive

Same species

Unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

Saliva

Training

Not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information

Threats or fighting

Competitor gains access to resources

Strong between members members of the same sex

Territories

Marking and defending

Feeding

Mating

Advantages

Disadvantages

Using scenr gland

Using signals

Mark with urine

Singing

Males without territories fail to breed because as not seen as attractive

Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight

Homing

Space for animal

Reduced disease

Migration

Time response

Harder for predators to find prayers

Reduced fighting

Enough food

Definition

Safe breeding sights that are defended

Refers to regular, annual or seasonal mass movements made by animals from their breeding area to another area.

Best genes are forward to offspring

Advantages

Disadvantages

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Trigger to Migration

Maturation
Some animals migrate as the sex organs mature and there is a need or desire to reproduce

Environmental cues
Such as drop in temperature, shortening of the length of the day

Genetic Drive
The trigger may be inbuilt such as star patterns for navigation are learned, but how to learn then is innate

Endogenous Circadian Rhythm
Internal biological clock

This is the ability of an individual to return to the home site after it has been away to look for food, sometimes over considerable distances.

Methods

Navigation

Is the process by which an animal uses various cues to determine its position in reference to a particular goal

Visual

Solar

Magnetic Fields

Definition

Stellar

Chemical

Sonar

—Environmental Cycles

—Biological clocks

Animals has a response I’m timing such as

—Biological rhythms

Most of the best-known examples of strong homing ability are among birds, particularly racing, or homing, pigeons. Many other birds, especially seabirds and also swallows, are known to have equal or better homing abilities.

Biological orientations(Basic response)

Taxis

destinations

Positive

negative

toward

away

Ex. Flatworms moving towards a pieces of raw meat, Moths flying to a light.

Ex. Trout wil line themselves up in an upstream direction.

Kinesis

random

Ex. starting or stopping, changing speed, turning more/less frequently.

Fixed action patterns (FAP)

specific stimulus!!!

Ex. A male stikleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.

Agonistic behavior

Dominance hierarchy

Cooperation

Altruistic behavior

Visual

Audible

Chemical

Tactile

Facial movements express moods

Bird song, nocturnal animals, fish

Pheromones

Threats, rituals, and sometimes combat that determines which competitor gains access to a resource

Caused by conflicts over food, mates, or territories

A higher ranking animal has greater access to resources than a lower ranking animal

Decided by confrontation during which one animal gives way to another

Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting

Dominant male mates more often with the females

Working together in coordination

Tends to increase the fitness of the individual and survival of the population

Altruistic behavior

Kin selection

Reduces individual fitness but increase fitness of others in a population

Increasing survival of close relatives passes these genes on to the next generation

hierarchies

The dominant animal is the most powerful of the pack.

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Animals remain in a favorable temperature

They grow larger

They leave more offspring

They have a constant supply of food

It may lead to the colonization of a new area

Reduces predation/parasitism disease

Greater genetic mixing

Better breeding conditions

They may get lost or caught in a storm

They may get eaten by a predator

They may use up too much energy in the migration, leading to exhaustion

They may starve

It is a huge investment in energy