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Quantitative Analysis: Descriptive Statistics (SPSS or SAS software is…

- - - - Easiest way to test this hypothesis is to look up critical values of r from statistical tables available in any standard text book on statistics
        degree of freedom-number of values that can vary
        freely in any calculation of a statistic; correlation, the df simply equals n-2
        The critical value of r depends on desired significance level ( , the degrees of freedom (df), if the desired test is one or two-tailed test
      - Most research studies involve more than two variables; n*(n-1)/2 possible correlations between these n variables
        correlation matrix is a matrix that lists the variable names along the first row and the first column and depicts bivariate correlations between pairs of variables in the appropriate cell in the matrix
        
        Pearson product moment correlations-correlations involve variables measured using interval scales, then
        this specific type of correlations
      - cross-tab(ulation)-table that describes the frequency (or percentage) of all combinations of two or more nominal or categorical variables.
        
        Is this pattern statistically significant? multiplying the marginal column total and the marginal row
        total for each cell and dividing it by the total number of observations.
        Whether this difference between expected and actual count is significant can be tested using a
        chi-square test (the average difference between observed and expected counts across all cells.