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LING220 Semantics (Lexical) - Coggle Diagram
LING220
Semantics
(Lexical)
Thematic Roles
Agent
The entity that intentionally
performs an action
Winnie
fought the bear
Albert Einstein
ate four apples a day
Experiencer
The entity that experiences
a psychological state
Charles
felt sad about his discovery
Spiderman
sense bad feeling
Theme
the entity that affected by an action
I pushed
the boulder
with all my might
Dr, Oz considered
real science
his enemy
Benefactive
The entity that benefits from an action
I got a package for
you
!
He wiped the tables clean for
us
Source
The entity from which something is moved by performing an action
I travelled from
Spain
to Italy
I walked from
the bookstore
to get here
Goal
The entity towards which an action is directed
I traveled from Spain to
Italy
I gave the ointment to
Dandruff Dan
Instrument:
The object in which the action is completed with
I slashed the body up with
an axe
I made a cake with
several indeterminate ingredients
Thematic Grids
because verbs are particular about which thematic roles they need, we can create a
thematic grid
for each verb
dive <
agent
>:
the puppy
dove
devour <
agent
,
theme
>:
a big monster
devoured
the kid
give <
agent
,
theme
,
goal
>:
Suzie
gave
a bucket
to
Charlie
borrow <
agent
,
theme
,
source
>:
My dad
borrowed
$10,000
from
me
,
Word Relations
Homonymy
two words have different meaning but have the same ....
Homophones
... pronunciation
two
&
2
Homographs
... spelling
tear
: a drop of liquid
tear
: a hole in material
Synonymy
two words have (almost) the same meaning
happy
and
content
smart
and
intelligent
Antonymy
two words have opposite meaning
happy
&
sad
smart
&
dumb
Meronymy
If work A is a meronym of word B, then A is a part of B
A:
wheel
& B:
car
A:
eye
& B:
face
A:
petal
& B:
rose
A:
leg
& B:
dog
Hyponymy
Hyponym
If word A is a hyponym of word B,
then A is more
specific
than B
A:
cat
& B:
animal
A:
computer
& B:
technology
Hypernym
If work A is a hypernym of work B
then A is more
general
than B
A:
human
& B:
child
A:
color
& B:
red
Ambiguity
Lexical
a word has two or more
possible meanings in a sentence
My
bat
is one of the best things in the world
We'll just leave this at the
bank
and then head out
Structural
sentence has more than
one structure that leads
to more than one
possible meanings
Young men and women
dominate the company
Scope
there is more than one way
to distribute the NPs doing
the action in the sentence
Four body builders
moved
two trucks
Sentence Relations
Paraphrases
two sentences has the same meaning if they are combined, they are redundant sentences
A: Sara greeted the police officer
B: the police officer was greeted by Sara
Contradictions
two sentences cant be true at the same time
if they are combined, it will always be false
A: I am a married man.
B: I am a bachelor
Tautologies
A sentence is always true
If something is an animal, it must be an animal
I will master Greek or I will not master Greek
Anomaly
A sentence is grammatical but does not make sense with respect to its thematic role or ideas
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
Entailment
If sentence A entails sentence B, then the truth of sentence A guarantees the truth of sentence B
A: I own one dog, one cat and no other pets
B: I own two pets