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Chapters 1-12 Connection Map: Jenny, Chie, Deep - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Has to be testable.
      - Hypothesis differs from theories. Theories are more broad and are supported by a vast amount of evidence and can be change in the future.
    - - Independent variable (Controlled and manipulated)
        
        Dependent Variable
    - - Qualitative Data
      - Quantitative data
    - - Is the hypothesis supported? If not revise it. If it is wait for peer review from professionals to publish it
    - - Connection: science, tech, and society connected to each other. From science we learn that we require trace elements to properly function, technology manufactures product that puts trace elements in our food and society benefits by being healthier.
      - Connection: Science, technology and society are connected. Science learned that sugar is bad for us, as a result technology require food to have sugar labels on their food and society became more health conscious with sugar.
      - Connection: Science, technology, and society are connected. Science discovered how to create synthetic steroids and that it can treat anemia and muscle degenerating diseases. Technology turns it into a form that humans can absorb and society uses it to treat themselves or abuse it for their muscles.
      - Connection: Science, tech, and society are connected to each other. Science discovered radioactive isotope and that they can be detected by medical instruments (tech) we've further advanced that and made technology that can detect diseases such as pet scans and used to treat diseases use killing cancer cells.
      - Connection: Science, technology, and society are connected to each other. Science learning what type of fats were better cause technology to produces foods with more of those fats and society consuming more of that specific fat.
    - - Exploration and discovery
      - Analysis and feedback
      - Societal benefits and outcome
  - - - Artificial selection
      - Natural Selection
      - Darwin's theory of evolution
      - Human's interactions to the environment (especially destructive ones) they a role in the evolution of animals
      - Connection: Evolution. Since we learned that the existence of water is the reason for life we've evolved to now look for it when we look for signs of life on other planets.
      - Connection: Evolution. Due to their environment and lack of food it was benefit to develop a mutation that allow them to digest milk.
    - - DNA
        
        Gene expression
      - Connection: DNA gets copied in one direction. It goes from DNA to RNA and then turns into a protein.
    - - Human hand example
      - Connection: Structure and Function. The arrangement of these macromolecules are what determines the function. The monomers are arranged together to make a polymer.
        
        Each part is arranged in a specific way so that they could pair up properly with the base pairs and create a copy of dna to form a protein.
        
        From a set of 20 amino acids certain ones are arranged in different groups to form thousands of different proteins. The way they are arrange what amino acid is chosen determine the type of protein and what it does.
      - Connection. Structure and Function + emergent properties. The arrangement of chemicals in the substance and the type of substance gives it new chemical properties.
      - Connection: Structure and Function. Because the atoms are structure in a non polar covalent bond, it makes the lipids hydrophobic.
      - Connection: Structure and Function. Whether a fat has a double bond or single bond determines if they have kinks that pack the molecules close together which will decide if its liquid or solid at room temp.
      - Connection: Structure and function. The function of a protein depends on its shape so when the shape unravels it loses its function.
    - - The flow of energy and cycle of matter goes in one direction
      - Connection: energy and matter. In a chemical equation for the bond, energy and matter goes in one way, the direction of the arrow. Unless there is a 2 arrow symbol.
      - Connection: Energy and matter. Plants, animals or humans take in the energy of sugar, often glucose and turn that into usable energy.
    - - Hierarchy of life
        
        Biosphere
        
        Ecosystem
        
        Community
        
        Population
        
        Organism
        
        Organ
        
        Organelle
        
        Tissue
        
        Cell
        
        Molecules
      - Systems biology
      - Connection: Interactions. Because of our choices of fuels we let out a lot of CO2 in the environment, the ocean absorbs it, lowers the pH and causes ocean acidification which endangers sea life.
      - Connection: Interactions on the molecular level. Phospholipids and water interacting to provide the structure of the membrane.
  - - - Domain Bacteria
        
        Bacteria
        
        Prokaryote
      - Domain Archae
        
        Arachea
        
        Prokaryote
      - Domain Eukarya
        
        Protist
        
        Kingdom plantae
        
        Kingdom fungi
        
        Kingdom animalia
        
        Eukaryokte
    - - Evolutionary adaptation
      - Response to the environment
      - Regulation
      - Energy Use
      - Growth and development
      - Reproduction
      - Order
- - - - Cohesion
        
        Adhesion
        
        Surface tension
      - Ice floats
      - Moderates temperature
        
        Evaporative cooling
      - Versatile solvent
        
        Solute
        
        Solvent
        
        Aquaeous Solution
        
        Acidity
        
        Ph scale
        
        Acid vs base
        
        Hydrogen ion
        
        Hydroxide ions
        
        Buffers
        
        Ocean acidification
  - - - Compounds
        
        Hydrogen bonds
        
        Ionic Bonds
        
        Ions
        
        Electron transfer
        
        Salt
        
        Polar
        
        Covalent bond
        
        Nonpolar
        
        Polar
  - - - 6 Essential elements
        
        Calcium
        
        Hydrogen
        
        Carbon
        
        Oxygen
        
        Nitrogen
        
        Phosphorus
      - Trace elements
        
        Iodine
        
        Aids in regulation of thyroid hormone so that you don't have goiters.
        
        Iodized Salt
        
        Iron
        
        Aids anemia
        
        Found in processed foods and red meat.
        
        Fluorie
        
        Aids in strengthening of bones and teeth.
        
        Toothpaste
      - Atoms
        
        Subatomic particles
        
        Protons
        
        Neutrons
        
        Electrons
        
        Nucleus
        
        Atomic number
        
        Mass number
        
        Isotope
        
        Stable Isotope
        
        Radioactive isotope
        
        Can be used in medical technology like pet scans and a tracer
- - - - Methyl Group
      - 5 function groups
        
        Hydroxyl group
        
        Carbonyl group
        
        Carboxyl group
        
        Amino
        
        Phosphate group
    - - Polymer
        
        To reverse use hydrolysis reaction
      - Monomer
        
        To turn to polymer use dehydration reaction
  - - - Polysaccharide
        
        Starch
        
        function: energy storage in plants
        
        Glycogen
        
        Energy storage in humans
        
        Cellulose
        
        Structure in plants
        
        Chitin
    - - Monosaccharide
        
        Glucose
        
        Function: energy
        
        Aqueous solution can be injected into sick patients for quick cell repair
        
        Frutose
        
        Function: energy
        
        An isomer of glucose
        
        2 monosaccharides make a disacharide
        
        Maltose formed from 2 sucrose monomers
        
        Sucrose
  - - - Fatty acids
    - - Trigliceride
    - - Fats
        
        Unsaturated fat
        
        Saturate fat
        
        Trans fats
        
        Society trying to get rid and lower the percentage of trans fats within the American diet
        
        Partially hydrogenated fats
      - Steroid
        
        Hormone function
        
        Types/ examples
        
        Cholesterol
        
        Common in animal cells, membrane, sex hormones, etc
        
        Anabolic steroid
        
        treat anemia and muscle degenerative diseases
        
        Cons: shrinks testicles, mood swings, cancer
        
        Athletes use it to enhance muscle
      - Phospholipids
        
        Makes cell make
        
        Regulates permeability of membranes
  - - - 20 different type of Amino acids to choose from
    - - Held together by peptide bond
    - - Primary structure
      - Secondary structure
      - Tertiary structure
      - Quaternary Structure
    - - Transport
      - Enzyme
      - Structural
      - Contractile
      - Antibody
      - Messenger
      - Dependent on shape
        
        Fibrous
        
        Globular
        
        Denaturation
  - - - Nucleotides
    - - Polynucleotide
        
        DNA
        
        Double strand
        
        Forms double helix
        
        Deoxyribose
        
        A, C, G, T
        
        RNA
        
        Single strand
        
        Ribose
        
        A, U, C, G
        
        Gene expression: DNA --> RNA --> protein production