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WATER RESOURCES AND WATER POLLUTION, HOW CAN WE INCREASE FRESH WATER…

- - - - in the world: 66%
      - in the US: 50%
    - - cost of freshwater is low
        
        lifeline rates
        
        user-pays
      - lack of government subsidies for improving the efficiency of water use
  - - - flood irrigation
        
        gravity
        
        flowing water
      - drip irrigation
        
        pipes/tubes
      - center-pivot irrigation
        
        low-pressure sprinkler
    - - Avoid growing thirsty crops in dry areas
      - Import water-intensive crops and meat
      - Encourage organic farming and polyculture to retain soil moisture
      - Expand use of drip irrigation and other efficient methods
      - Irrigate at night to reduce evaporation
  - - - low-flow showerheads
      - front-loading clothes washers
      - low-flow toilet & faucets
      - water-thrifty landscaping
      - fix water leaks
    - - recapture
      - purify
      - recycle water
- - - - combination of dilution & bacterial biodegradation to naturally eliminate waste
      - Overloaded with pollutants( industrial waste water discharge)
  - - - Lower flow rates & are les effective at self-cleansing, as they typically have stratified layers
  - - - 80% originates on land
      - 80-90 from the coastal areas is dumped: into the ocean without any treatment
      - Dumping wastes & degradable pollutants into the deep ocean
      - Virus in raw sewage and sewage treatment plants
  - - - cannot cleanse itself of degradable wastes as quickly as flowing surface water
        
        Lower concentrations of dissolved O2
        
        Cold temperature reduce chemical reaction rates
  - - - Diffuse areas
    - - Specific identifiable locations
  - - - Reverse osmosis
      - Hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet light
      - Microfiltration
  - - - Primary sewage: a physical/mechanical process
      - Secondary sewage: a biological process
- - - - polluting
      - underpricing
      - wasting
  - - - A global economic and health issue
      - A security issue due to terrorism
      - An environmental issue
        
        determines
        
        the climate
        
        dilutes
        
        pollutants and waste
        
        moderates
        
        removes
  - - - Zone of saturation
      - Water table
    - - underground body of rock that
        absorbs and holds flowing water
    - - the fresh water from rain and melted snow stored at the surface
    - - water used to produce food and other products
  - - - through our in-
        fluence on projected climate change
        
        evaporating more water into the atmosphere
- - - - Use water more efficiently
      - Subsidize water conservation
      - Limit number of wells
      - Stop growing water-intensive crops in dry areas
    - - Tax water
      - Build rain gardens in
        urban areas
      - Raise price of water
        to discourage waste
      - Use permeable paving material
- - - - a structure built across a river to control its flow
    - - an artificial lake created by dam
- - - - the process of removing dissolved salts from ocean water or from brackish (slightly salty) water in aquifers or lakes
        
        distillation
        
        heating saltwater until it evaporates and condenses as freshwater
        
        reverse osmosis
        
        uses high pressure to
        force saltwater through a membrane filter with pores small enough to remove the salt and other impurities
  - - - expensive energy
    - - kills many marine organisms and also requires large
        inputs of energy and money
    - - threaten food resources and aquatic life;
        contaminate groundwater and surface water