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Nervous System Pedro Bustos P.3 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System
Pedro Bustos
P.3
Major Functions of Nervous System
Thinking, mvmt. internal processes of physiology
Central Nervous System
Made up of brain and spinal cord
Responsable for decision making
Peripheral Nervous System
Made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to rest of body
Conrains sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) dividend's
Somatic NS
Controls voluntary skele muscles
Auto NS
Control involuntary effectors (smooth/cardiac musc, and glands)
Brain
-
Largest and most complex version of NS
Diencephalon
-
Proccesses sense input and controls many homeostatic processes
Cerebellum
-
Coord muscular activity
Cerebrum
-
Largest; assoc w/ higher mental func, and sensory/motor func
Brainstem
-
Coord and reg visceral activities, and comeets diff parts of NS
Tissues
Neurons
Contains cell body, tubular cyptoplasm-filled dendrites, and a tubular, cypotoplasm axon
Cell body (soma) contains major organelles including nucleus
Dendrites conduct implulses toward cell body; short and branching, and they provide the receptive stuff for comms w/ other neurons
The axon conducts impulses away from cell body; it arises from a thickening extending from cell body, called aon hillock
Neuroglia
"Nerve glue" are cells that support neurons
FIll spaces, structually support, prot, and inslate neurons
Don't gen/conduct nerve impluses
4 types in CNS, 2 in PNS
CNS
-
Microglia: Small, func as phagocytes, for bacterial cells and cellular debris, and prod scar tissue in sites of injury
Oligodendrocytes: From myelin sheath around aacons in brain/spinal cord
Ependymal cells: prod cerebro spinal fluid in CNS
Astrocytes: Lie btween blood vessels and neurons
PNS
-
Schwann cells: myelin-prod neuroglia of PNS
Sattelite cells: prod prot coating around cell bodies of neurons in PNS
Spinal cord
-
Begins at base of brain
Consists of 31 segments, each connncts to a pair of spinal nerves
White M made of bundles of myelinated fibers surround butterfly shaped core of gray M
Cell bods of sensory neurons enter spinal coord R found in dorsal root ganglia out of spinal cord
Upper and lower wings of gray M form post and ant horns; between them is a lateral horn
Central canal is middle of gray M contains cerebrospinal fluid
Major functions include transmitting impulses to and from the braink and to hosue spinal reflexes
Ascending tracts carry sens info to brain; descending tracts carry motor info from brain to muscles or glands
Spinal reflexes; controlled by reflexor arcs that pass thru spinal cord
Action Potential & Nerve Impulse
A.P
-
Neurons are chill till stimulated
Stimuli can change resting pot in any direct
Excilatory stimulus opens chem-gated Na+ channels; Na+ ions flow into cell due to gradient, causing inside of neuron to become less -
Threshold stimulus: strong enuf to cause so many Na+ ions to enter neuron, that pot charges from -70 to -55mV
When it reaches TS potm volt-gated Na+ channels open, charge becomes +30mV; called action pot
N.I
-
Signal transmitted across a nerve fiber
Consists of wave of elec depolarization that reverses the pot diff across the nerve cell membranes
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of CN arise from underside of brain
Most R mixed nerves containing sensory and motor nerve fibers, some R only sensory, and others R primarily motor
1st pair arises from cerebrumm 2nd pair arisees from thalamus, most arise from brainstem
12 pairs desig by # and name; # R in order, from superior to inferior
Spinal nerves
31 paors of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord
All except 1st pair R mixed nerves
Grouped according to lvl from which they arise
Numb in sequence: 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 0 of thoracic nerves, 5 p of lumbar nerves, 5 p of sacral nerves, and 1 p of coccygeal nerves
Each arises from 2 roots: a sense of dorsal root, and a motor ventral root
Each dorsal root contains DR ganglion, which houses cell bodies of senes neuron entering spinal cord
Ventral root and dorsal root unite to from spinal nerve, which extends out of vertebral canal thru intervertebreal foramen
Mouse Party
Meth
-
Interferes w/ dopmaine NT
Mimics dopeamine and enters dope transports, it enters dope vesicles and forces dope molecules out. Causing excess dope to release to receptors, and overstimming cell
Works directly w/ brains reward pathway. Making user feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
Alcohol
-
CABA inhibit NT and glutamate NT
Makes CABA recep more inhinitory, it prevents glutamate from exciting the cell
Effects memory formation, decision making, impulse, and balance
Marijuana
-
Inhibitory NT
Turns off inhib NT, w'o it dopamine can be released
It makes us feel relaxed, calm, and slows are mvmts
Coke
-
interferes w/ dopamine NT
Binds w/ dope recep and overstims the cell
Controls vol mvmts and makes abuser fidgety
Ecstasy
-
Interferes with serotonin NT
Mimics serotonin making the transporter spit out serotonin NT, thus trapping it in cleft and repeatedly binding to receptors
Effects serotonin pathways for mood, sleep, perception, and appetite. Stims mild release of dopamine making it addictive
LSD
-
Seratonin NT
Interacts w' them and it may either inhib seratonin receps, or excite them
Makes you feel awake and it evokes a startle response to unexpected stimulus
Heroine
-
Interferes with inhibit neurotrans
It blocks inhin trans allowing dopamine to be released
It produces feelings of sedation and well-being
Neurotransmitter
Are chemical messages on synapse, that convey an elec impulse from a neuron to another cell
Compare and contrast
Autonomic and Sympathetic
Similarities
-
Both respond to eternal stimuli
Sympathetic NS responds to external stimuli by prepping body for fight or flight and Somatic NS responds to external stimuli by sending info to sense receptors, spinal cord, and brain
Differences
-
ANS has 2 sub-components, SNS has 1
SNS has motor and sensory pathways, ANS only has motor
ANS controls internal organs and glands, while SNS contorls muscles and mvmts
Refelx arc (major parts and functions)
Interneuron
Dend, CB, and axon of a neuron within brain of spinal cord
Carries info from sensory neuron to motor neuton
Motor neuron
Dend, CB and axon of a motor neuron
Carries instruct from brain or spinal out to effector
Sensory neuron
Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron
Carries info from receptor into breain of spinal cord
Effector
Respond to stimuli (or inhibition) by MN and prod refelx or behavioral action
Receptor
Receptor end of dendrite or a spec receptor cell in sensory organ
Senses spec type of internal or external change
Disorders/Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
Form of dementia assoc. w/ old age
Causes and Risk Factors
:
Certain types are hered
Symptoms & Treatment
Memory loss
Mood behavior changes
Confusion/distortion
&
Uncurable
Meds
Stem cells
Spinal Cord Injury
Dmg to spinal cord
Causes and Risk Factors
:
Certain types are hered
Symptoms & Treatment
Weakness
Paralysis
Spastic muscles
&
Syrgery
Bed rest
PT
Autism
Brain disorder that makes it diff to communicate
Causes and Risk Factors
:
Certain types are hered
Symptoms & Treatment
Anxiety
Depression
Unnatural attach to routine or object
&
Meds
Coping skills
Anxiety mngmt
Meningitis
Infection in meninges surrounding brain
Causes and Risk Factors
:
Certain types are hered
Symptoms & Treatment
Stiff neck
Fever/chills
Irritation
&
Antibiotics
Bacterial hospitalization
Meds to treat symptoms
Cerebrovascular Accident
Occurs when blood flow to portion of brain is halted
Causes and Risk Factors
:
Certain types are hered
Diabetes
High cholesterol
Symptoms & Treatment
Severe headache
Loss of coord/balance
Confusion or memory loss
&
Hospitalization
Blood thinners
Stroke rehab
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease that dmg myelin sheath
Causes and Risk Factors
:
Certain types are hered
Symptoms & Treatment
Muscle weakness
Depression
Frequent urination
&
No cyre
Steroid treatments
Assistive devices