Aplastic Anemia
Anemia Classification
Complications
Prognosis
Pathophysiology
Category
Morphological
Reason
Mild anemia if the hemoglobin level in the blood ranges from 9-10 g%.
Moderate anemia if the hemoglobin level in the blood ranges from 7-8 g%
Severe anemia if the hemoglobin level in the blood is less than 7 g%
Macrocytic, when the size of the red blood cells increases in size
as the amount of hemoglobin in each cell also increases
Microcytic, which is a condition in which the size of red blood cells is reduced due to iron deficiency, impaired synthesis of globin, prophyrin and heme
Normocytic, in which the size of the red blood cells does not change, but there is severe blood loss, excessive increase in blood plasma volume
Iron deficiency anemia
Anemia in chronic disease
Pernicious anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Folic acid deficiency anemia
Aplastic anemia
Definition
Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when the body stops producing enough new blood cells. This condition makes the body tired and more susceptible to infection and uncontrolled bleeding. Aplastic anemia is a rare and serious condition, it can develop at any age.
Etiology
Most of the causes of aplastic anemia are idiopathic (50-70%). Several other causes that are often associated with aplastic anemia 6 are direct toxicity and causes mediated by cellular immunity.
Risk Factor
Different Diagnosis
Stem cell damage has been indirectly demonstrated through successful bone marrow transplantation in patients with aplastic anemia, which means that stem cell replacement can correct the pathological process that occurs. The theory of microenvironmental damage was proven by irradiated rats, while the immunologic theory was proven indirectly through the success of immunosuppressive treatment. Immunologic abnormalities are thought to be the underlying cause of damage to stem cells or the bone marrow microenvironment.
Have an immune system disorder. Have cancer. Undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Prolonged exposure to hazardous chemicals.
The diagnosis of aplastic anemia is established by anamnesis with symptoms of pancytopenia, physical findings related to pancytopenia, and investigations such as blood cell count, peripheral blood smear, and bone marrow biopsy. The definitive diagnosis of aplastic anemia is established by bone marrow biopsy. Special investigations such as serological tests or cytogenetic tests can also be performed to evaluate the etiology
Management
Education
The management of aplastic anemia consists of supportive therapy to treat cytopenia, immunosuppression therapy, and hematopoietic cell transplantation or HCT. Management is adjusted to the condition and response of each patient.
Doctors need to explain to patients about the possible causes of aplastic anemia, what are the effects of aplastic anemia on the patient's health, and what treatment options are available. Different therapies may result in different prognoses. For example, there are studies reporting that transplantation of haematopoietic cells can lead to better survival rates. However, the choice of therapy is still adjusted to the conditions of each patient.
The prognosis of patients with aplastic anemia has significantly improved thanks to advances in medical treatment. The estimated 10-year survival rate for patients with aplastic anemia who received immunosuppressive therapy was 68%, whereas for patients who received hematopoietic cell transplantation it was 73%.
Iron buildup in the body (hemochromatosis) Myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood cancer (leukemia) Lymph node cancer (lymphoma).
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M.SATRIA PERDANA PARDAMEAN