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Kathy Ramirez Per. 2 Nervous system - Coggle Diagram
Kathy Ramirez Per. 2 Nervous system
Major Functions of the nervous system
integration
stimuli recieved by sensory structure
communicated through nervous system
stimuli integrated with other stimuli or state of person at that time
response
EX: moving hand from stove
can cause contraction of all 3 types of muscle tissue
response produced based on stimuli received by sensory structures
Responses can be voluntary or involuntary
Voluntary: governed by somatic system
involuntary: governed by automatic system
Sensation
register presence of change from stimulus or homeostasis
receive info about environment
5 senses receive stimulus from outside
additional stimuli may be internal
Classification of neurons
multipolar
3 or more processes
most common
major neuron type in CNS
bipolar
2 processes
rare
unipolar
1 T-like process
pseudounipolar
motor
carry impulse to CNS to effector
multipolar
most CB located in CNS
interneuron
sensory
almost all unipolar
cell body located in ganlia of PNS
transmit impulse from SR to CNS
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
peripheral
parasympatheric
central system
sympatheric system
somatic system
autonomic
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium
coarse CT that bundles fibers into fascicles
Epineurium
tough fibrous sheath around all fascicle forming nerve
Endoneurium
loose CT enclose axons and myelin sheaths
Major parts and functions of the brain
cerebrum
large part of brain
interprets senses and reasoning, emotions etc
left and right hemispheres
brainstem
cerebellum
coordinate muscle movement
maintains posture and balance
under cerebellum
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
send motor commands from brain to body
send sensory info from body to brain
coordinate reflexes
organized segmentally
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
stim a change in polarity
nerve impulses is AP
travels along membrane of neuron
cause muscle cell to contract
Cranial nerves
2 attach to forebrain, rest to stem
2 pairs purely sensory
12 pairs of cranial nerves
cranial nerve functions
abducens
facial
trigeminal
Vestibulocochlear
trochlear
oculomotor
optic
olfactory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 thoracic,and 5 lumbar
each nerve forms nerve fibers
modulate motor and sensory info from body's periphery
extend from posterior and anterior roots of spinal cord
Neurotransmitters
dopamine
modulatory neurotransmitter
dopamine cell body found in small collections of nuclei
axons sent out of body cell and connect w/other brain cells
Major Function: reward, learning, & predection
adjusted behavior based on predictions when rewards are recieved
norepinephrine
crucial in mobilizing body for action
readiness for action
wakefulness, action, and memory
similar in structure to joint hormone
respond to challenges or threat
also acts as hormone
ACh
located in collections of nuclei within brainstem and midbrain
critical signalling chemical at interface between nerves and muscles
role in how we learn, pay attention, and remember
serotonin
dependent on availability of precursor
cannot pass blood barrier
tweaks brain activity
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
controls internal organs and glands
nerves that connect to CNS to visceral organs
the autonomic system only has motor pathways
controls cardiac and smooth muscle
Reflex arc
association neuron
efferent motor neuron
afferent nerve fiber
effector organ
specific receptor
rapid, autonomic responses to stimuli
Disorders/Diseases
Alzeimer's
affects brain function
memory and behavior affected
struggle to perform everyday tasks
build-up of protein and chemicals
no cure, some meds
common in older people
cerebral palsy
affects body movements due to brain injury
affects posture
affects coordination
permanent brain injury
normal expectancy
exagerrated reflexes
MS
damage brain sheath
cause not known
more common in women
diff types of forms
parkinson's
nerve cell damage
dopamine is affected
tremor or shaking, slow movement, and stooped posture
exposure to certain toxins can cause this