Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ENVIRONMENT, WATER POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION, WASTE POLLUTION, NOISE…
-
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution involves dumping harmful substances into lakes, streams, rivers, and
oceans. It may also include the release of energy in the form of radioactivity or heat.
The Causes of Water Pollution
Soil erosion
Chemical fertilizers, pesticides
Industries located along
waterways downstream discharge chemical pollutants
cities and towns dump their loads of sewage and other urban wastes
The Results of Water Pollution
The output of industries, agriculture, and urban communities generally exceeds the biologic capacities of aquatic systems, causing waters to become choked with an excess of organic substances and organisms to be poisoned by toxic materials. The result is a foulsmelling, waste-filled body of water.
At present people drink water that fails to meet European Community standarts
There is concern about the effects of mixtures of certain chemicals, since we simply do not understand the long-term health effects of some of them.
-
examples manifesting deplorable consequences of water pollution
- intestinal (cholera, typhoid, dysentery, rashes, stomach or liver illnesses, respiratory problems, neurological effects)
- nitrates in drinking water
- reduced level of oxygen in water which affects marine and aquatic systems
- In many parts of the world water is a carefully conserved resource - тщательно охраняемый ресурс
- human activity causes pollution at every level of the water cycle - круговорот воды
- to be affected by pollution - подвергаться загрязнению
- Under normal circumstances - при нормальных обстоятельствах
- fertilizers, pesticides удобрения, пестициды
- dumping harmful substances into - сброс вредных веществ
- vital - extremely important for the success or continued existence of something
- meet one's needs = satisfy one's needs
- soil erosion - the fact of soil being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain etc
- to contribute to smth = to help to cause an event or situation
- urban wastes e.g. sewage
- aquatic systems - water ecosystem
- to exceed = to go beyond a permitted limit
AIR POLLUTION
endanger human health and the health and welfare of plants and animals
developed countries generate billions of tons of pollutants
concentration of smoke in the air
dust content in the air
acid rain
toxic fall-outs of materials
to produce foul air
The combustion of coal, oil accounts for much of the airborne pollutants
produce adverse effects
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions cause acid rain
Nitrogen oxides can aggravate bronchitis and chest infections, and can cause acute problems
for asthma sufferers
Contamination - the process of making something dirty or poisonous, or the state of containing unwanted or dangerous substances
combustion - the chemical process in which substances mix with oxygen in the air to produce heat and light
to account to smth - to form the total of something (the vast majority)
guideline - information intended to advise people on how something should be done or what something should be
aggravate OR exacerbate - to make a bad situation worse
-
WHAT CAN WE DO
change our industries
drive less and carpool
use less electricity with energy-saving light bulbs
reduce energy consumption
do not leave domestic appliances on standby
use rechargeable batteries
solar chargers
do not burn wood or trash
control bushfires
support responsible products and policies
-
WASTE POLLUTION
- to discard - to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it
- to pose threat to smb.- to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty
- to eliminate - to remove or take away sb or smth
- disposal - the act of getting rid of something
- irreversible - not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition
- to adopt measures (policy) - to accept or start to use something new
- to ensure - make sure
-
Waste can be defined as anything which we discard as having no further use
'Toxic Waste' is often referred to as a major hazard
Many types of waste can pose some threat to human healthLandfill, the technical term for burying rubbish in holes in the ground
- dispose garbage / litter / waste in designated areas
- not to dump waste materials on land (industries)
we can substantially reduce the problems by ensuring that waste is disposed of using
methods that are designed to keep environmental damage to an absolute minimum
NOISE POLLUTION
- to drive smb. up the wall - to make someone very angry
- An ear-splitting sound is so loud or high that it hurts your ears
- If your temper frays or your nerves fray, you gradually become upset or annoyed
- to divert concentration - to cause something or someone to change direction
- to sap energy - to make someone weaker or take away strength or an important quality from someone, especially over a long period of time:
- to be ruptured to (cause something to) explode, break, or tear
-
-
LIGHT POLLUTION
The invention of the electric light bulb was a transformative milestone of history
Birghtened and made safe once-dark streets; prolonged waking hours into the evening and brought electrity to homes.
Light pollution is the over-illumination of cities and night skies by the abundance of artificial lighting: billboards, streetlamps, homes, office biuldings
Unintended yet harmful impacts
Sea turtles have had its nocturnal patterns dirupted
Human wellbeing is compromised by LP
Excess light can overwhelm photoreceptor cells in the retina damaging eyesight
To cause sleep deprivations, greater access to electricity and increased urban development
A rise fueled by growing population, greater access to electricity and increased urban development
To help counter this rise:
energy-efficient light bulbs and smarter directional ligthing designs
-