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Cynthia Jaimes Per.3 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Cynthia Jaimes Per.3 Nervous System
Major Functions
Movement
Internal processes of physiology
Thinking
Tissue
Neurons
Cells that communicate with electrical impulses
Structure
Cell body
Dendrites
Axons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Conducts impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors
Interneuons neurons
In the CNS forms links between other neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Conducts impulses from peripheral receptors
Neurogila
Cells that support neurons, don't generate or conduct impulses
4 types of CNS and 2 types of PNS
CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Forms the myelin sheath around axons for the brain and spinal cord
Ependymal cells
Makes cerebrospinal fluid
Astrocytes
Lies between blood vessels and neurons
Microglia
Absorbs bacterial cells and cellular debris and makes scar tissue in sites of injury
PNS
Schwann cells
Make myelin neuroglia of the PNS
Satellite cells
Provides a protective coating around cell bodies of neurons of the PNS
Classification of Neurons
Bipolar neurons
Two processes separated by the cell body
Unipolar neurons
Single elongated process, with the cell body located off to the side
Multipolar neurons
Have more that two processes, a single axon and multiple dendrites
Major Divisions of Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Made up of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves that connect to the CNS to body parts
It's motor part has 2 portions
Somatic Nervous System
Connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and skin, handles conscious activities
Autonomic Nervous System
Connects to the CNS to viscera and controls subconscious activities
Made up of cranial and spinal nerves
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium
Covering around fascicles (bundles) of nerve fibers
Endoneurium
Covering around individual nerve fibers (axons)
Epineurium
Outer covering of a nerve
Meninges
Surrounds the brain and spinal cord
Found between the skull bone, vertebrae and soft CNS tissue
There are 3 different meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Major Parts and Function of the Brain
Cerebellum
Coordinates muscular activity
Brainstem
Coordinates and regulates visceral activities and connects different parts of the nervous system
Midbrain (top), pons (middle), and medulla onlongata (connects to spinal cord)
Diencephalon
Processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum (largest)
Associated with higher mental functions and sensory and motor functions
Frontal lobe (motor function), parietal lobe (touch, smell and understanding), temporal lobe (auditory) occipital lobe (visual)
Spinal Nerves Pairs
Lumbar Nerves (5)
Sacral Nerves (5)
Thoracic Nerves (12)
Coccygeal Nerves (1)
Cervical Nerves (8)
Cranial Nerves
Optic
Sensory
Conducts impulses to sense of vision
Olfactory
Conducts impulses to sense of smell
Sensory
Major Parts and Functions of the Spinal Cord
Transmits impulses to and from the brain and holds spinal reflexes
Major parts are the spinal cord, cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement and cauda equina (horse's tail)
Action Potential and Nerve Impulse
Resting neuron is polarized
Action potential stimulates dipolarized neuron
Repolarization returns neuron to polarized state
Neurotransmitters
Epinephrine
Located in the CNS
A hormone that plays an important role in bodies fight-or-flight response (adrenialine)
Dopamine
Located in the CNS/PNS
Creates a sense of feeling good, sometimes associated with Parkinsons disease
Nonepinephrine
Located in the CNS/PNS
Creates a sense of feeling good and may inhabit autonomic nervous system actions
Serotonin
Located in the CNS
Mainly an inhibitory, leads to sleepiness and can be blocked by drugs like LSD
Acetylcholine
Located in the CNS/PNS
Controls skeletal muscle actions and stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junction
Histamine
Located in the CNS
Release in hypothalamus, promotes alertness
Compare and Contrast Autonomic Nervous System
There are two divisions in the system
It's neurons are all motor neurons
Can function independently
Reflex Arc
Interneuron
Dendrite, cell body and axon of neuron within the brain or spinal cord
Carries information from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Motor neuron
Dendrite, cell body and axon of a motor neuron
Carries information from brain or spinal cord out to effector
Sensory Neuron
Dendrite, cell body and axon of a sensory neuron
Carries information from receptor into the brain or spinal cord
Effector
Muscle or gland
Responds to stimulation by motor neurons and produces reflex or behavioral action
Receptor
At the end of a dendrite in a sensory organ
Senses specific types of internal or external changes
Drugs of Abuse
Marijuana
Marijuana is similar to anandamide, which connects to the cannabinoid receptor allowing dopamine to be released. The dopamine is being stopped
Affects the brain by making us feel relaxed, have slower reaction and short term memories
Methamphetamine
Mimics dopamine and enters the dopamine transporters, forcing the dopamine into the synapses and overstimulating the cell
Affects the brains reward pathway and feel intense pleasure
Ecstasy
Affects the serotonin transporters and forces the serotonin into the synaptic cleft and connects to the serotonin receptors
Affects persons mood, sleep, perception and appetite
Alcohol
Acts like an inhibitor for the GABA receptors and stops the glutamate from binding to the glutamate receptors, not allowing the cells to get excited
Affects memory function, decision making and impulse control
Heroine
Affects the opiate receptors because of it being similar to opiates and enters that opiate receptors. Dopamine floods the synapses
Affects the pain signals, causes stress and emotional attachment
Cocaine
Blocks the dopamine transporters, leaving the dopamine in the synaptic cleft and binding to the dopamine receptors, overstimulating the cell
Affects control of voluntary movement and makes person feel fidgety
LSD
Mimics serotonin and binds to the serotonin receptors and can branch out to two different receptors causing different affects
Gives a feeling of awakeness and evokes a startle response
Disorders and Diseases
Autism
May see repeated behaviors, depression or delay in learning to talk
Some treatment are talk medication, coping skills or there is no cure
Some causes could be that it's family history, past medical issues or cause is unknown
Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
Alzheimer's Disease
Some causes is age, past head trauma or it's hereditary
May have memory loss, mood and behavior changes or difficulty performing everyday tasks
A form of dementia associated with age
Some treatments are to remove behavior triggers, herbal therapy or it's uncurable
Cerebrovascular Accident
May have severe headaches, changes in hearing, touch or vision or have confusion or memory loss
Some treatments are to go to hospitalization, a blood clot busting drug or stroke rehabilitation
Maybe caused by diabetes, blood vessel clogged or unhealthy lifestyle choices
When blood flow to portion of the brain is stopped
Spinal Cord Injury
Could be caused by direct injury or disease, weakend vertebral column or fluid build-up around spinal cord
May feel weakness, loss of bladder and bowel control or paralysis
Damage to the spinal cord
Some treatments are medication to reduce swelling, surgery or physical therapy
Meningitis
Infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
Could be caused by bacteria or viral infection, drug allergies or tumors
May feel nausea and vomiting, fever and chills or severe headache
Some treatments are to take antibiotics, medication or vactcination
Multiple Sclerosis
May be caused by enviromental factors, nerve damage or it's hereditary
May feel muscle weakness, spasms, tremors and numbness, stool leakage or vision and hearing loss
Autoimmue disease that damages the myelin sheath
Some treatments are steriod treatments, physical therapy or healthy lifestyle choices
Spinal Nerves Plexuses
Brachial Plexuses (C5-T1)
On the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves
Supplies muscles and skin of the arms, forearms and hands
Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4)
On the lower spinal cord
Supplies muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks and legs
Cervical Plexuses (C1-C4)
Lie on either side of the neck, in the phrenic nerves (controls the diaphram)
Supplies muscles and skin of the neck
Intercostal Nerves (T1-T11)
On the anterior branches of the thoracic spinal nerves
Don't form plexuses