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Ancient Mediterranean World, Early Dynastic Period (3000-2700 BCE), Old…
Ancient Mediterranean World
100 BCE
300 BCE
500 BCE
1000 BCE
2000 BCE
3000 BCE
5000 BCE
10,000 BCE
100 CE
300 CE
400 CE
500 CE
1500 CE
Early Dynastic Period
(3000-2700 BCE)
Old Kingdom Egypt
(2700-2200 BCE)
First Intermediate Period
(2175-2055 BCE)
Middle Kingdom
(2050-1786 BCE)
Second Intermediate Period
(1730-1550 BCE)
New Kingdom
(1550-1080 BCE)
Third Intermediate Period
(1080-644 BCE)
Saite Period
(655-525 BCE)
Late Period
(525-332 BCE)
Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE)
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Egypt ruled by Achaemenids, until conquest by Alexander III of Macedon
Egyptian dynasty established by Psamtik after the withdrawl of Assyrians
Egyptian rule restricted to the Nile Valley
1550-1625 BCE
Ahmose I
achieved expulsion of Hyksos rulers,
reunified Egypt; king of Upper and Lower Egypt
1506-1493 BCE
Thutmose I
conquest of Asia to Mitanni; Kingdom of Mitanni;
defeats kingdom of Kush - gaining control over Nubia
Battle of Qadesh
(1274 BCE)
collapse of central authority and political fragmentation of Egypt
Egypt comes under control fo foreign rulers, the
Hyksos
Reunification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Mentuhotep II
seat of government at Thebes,
securing and extending Egyptian territory
Civil war
several dynasties claiming to rule from Herakleopolis
Defense of eastern Border
lack of centralized authority leads to collapse of large-scale irrigation systems, and crop failures and famine
rising strength of new family at Thebes (Waset, Upper Egypt)
absolute power of the kings (pharaohs)
wealth of Egypt concentrated in hands of kings
pyramid construction (Pyramids at Giza)
Social Hierarchy: royal family --> officials --> peasants
single ruler who keeps order and administration, king as son of Ra (son God), and Pharaoh's ritual activities
*monumentalization of cult buildings and royal tombs as an expression of dominance
cultural homogeneity within Egypt
sharp distinction between Egyptians and outsiders (enemies)
Memphis as seat of government
Old Palace Period
(2000-1600 BCE)
New Palace Period
(1600-1450 BCE)
Greek Iron Age
(1100-800 BCE)
Archaic Greek World
(800-480 BCE)
Classical Period
(479-323 BCE)
Hellenistic Period
(323 BCE - 31 CE)
31 BCE
End of Hellenistic Period
Roman Control
306-168 BCE
founded by Antigonus the One-Eyed general of Alexander
focus on Greece, Macedonia, Aegean
succeeded by Demetrius the City-Besiger (Poliocetes and Antigonus Gontas)
weakness of kingdom facilitates invasion of Gauls and sack of Delphi
167 BCE
Rome defeats Macedonia under Aemilius Paulus
479-454 BCE
Athens builds and alliance and
strengthens its naval force
454 BCE
Athens centralizes its power
over the alliance; shading into Empire
432 BCE
discontented Athenian
allies/subjects align
with Spartans to declare war
on Athens (
Peloponnesian War
)
404 BCE
Final Athenian defeat
in Peloponnesian War
359-336 BCE
Philip of Macedon
conquest of Northern Greece
Seizure of Byzantium
Battle of Chaeronea (Macedonian victory)
Creation of League of Corinth
Assassinated in 336 BCE
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Eighth Century Renaissance
development of Greek alphabet
demographic growth --> intensification, extensificaiton, Greek colonization, reorganization
economic growth --> sanctuaries in the Eighth Century, increased activities
490-479 BCE
The Persian Wars
Proximate Cause: Greek support for Ionian revolt from Persian Rule; Persian suppressison of revolt
First Invasion (490 BCE)
- Persians led by Darius, defeated at Battle of Marathon
Second Invasion (480-479 BCE)
- Massive invading force. Greek response divided (pro-Persian aristocrat vs anti-Persian democrats)
507 BCE
Athenian Democracy
established
palaces never rebuilt
disappearance of social, political, economic, religious organizations of the Mycenaean world,
absence of representational arts and writing
demographic contraction, contraction of social life
Late Iron Age: Rebuilding
settlements increase in size, complexity, and number
archaeological evidence for social hierarchy
Phoenicians engaging in trade across Mediterranean
prosperous town life, expansion of settlement, population growth, flourishing agriculture, vigorous commercial activity, hierarchical and sex-segregated society
minoan state: primarily political center at Knossos, supported by secondary and tertiary centers; elites, but no king
Mycenae and the Mycenaeans
pylos
: officials and administration
wanax
: economic and religious leader
lawagetas
: military leader with ceremonial duties
followers
: accompany military contingents,
priests
collectors
: acquisition and distribution of commodities
1194-1184 BCE
Trojan War
: Late Bronze Age Conflict
Palaces (royal seats or religious centers?)
agriculture, storage or surplus, trade
minoans in teh sourthern Aegean
sites in regular contact with Cretans: Keos, Melos, Thera, Lasos, Miletus, Rhodos
destruction of Akrotiri by volcano
Neolithic Period (10,000-5000 BCE)
Chalcolithic Period (3500-3000 BCE)
Bronze Age (3000-1200 BCE
)
Iron Age Levant (1200-722 BCE)
First Millennium Mesopotamia and West Asia (1000-500 BCE)
884-859 BCE
Ashurnasirpal II
858-824 BCE
Shalmaneser III
745-727 BCE
Tiglath-Pileser III
722-705 BCE
Sargon II
705-681 BCE
Sennacherib
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Seleukid Kingdom (312-63 BCE)
Babylon as heartland
attempt to rule Syria led to conflicts wit Ptolemaic kings in Egypt
many new cities founded
multi-cultural kingdom
empire diminished after Treaty fo Apamea (188 BCE)
188 BCE
Treaty of Apamea
*
Seleukid Empire wanes
31 BCE
Roman Control
71 CE
Arch of Titus
Jewish revolt defeated, Jerusalem sacked, Jews deported, end of 2nd temple period
131-136 CE
Bar Kokhba Revolt
against Roman control
1200-922 BCE
Early history of Israelites
(Moses, 10 Commandments)
1022-922 BCE
Unified Monarchy
David - first king of Judah (south)
and Israel (north)
922-722 BCE
divided monarchy (Israel and Judah)
3000-2350 BCE
sumerian culture in Mesopotamia
city groupings or small empires ruled by a
lugal
warfare and conquest
2330-2200 BCE
Akkadians, Akkadian Cuneiform
Akkadian language -- Semitic
cuneiform on clay tablets
2150-2000 BCE
return to prominence of Sumerian
city-states
Third Dynasty of Ur
; major rulers are
Gudea and Ur-Namma
2000-1600 BCE
Old Babylonian Period
Major city states: Assur (Assyrians), Babylon
Law and economic order tied to individual ruler
Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE)
1650-1200 BCE
Hittites in Anatolia
1200 BCE
Bronze Age Collapse
Cause: earthquake, climate change,
collapse of trade routes
Akkadian Empire (2334-2137 BCE)
Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE)
- first ruler
improvements in irrigation techniques
demographic growth
major innovations: cities, states, monumental art, writing
Narmer Palette
Foundation of Rome
(753 BCE)
Regal Period
(753-509 BCE)
Roman Republic
(509-31 BCE)
Roman Empire
(31 BCE-476 CE)
Byzantine Empire
(476 CE-1453)
Fall of Constantinople
(1453)
27 BCE - 68 CE
Augustus and Julio-Claudian Dynasty
69 CE
Civil War
69-96 CE
Flavian Dynasty
96-192 CE
Antonine Dynasty
193 CE
Civil war
235-284 CE
Severan Dynasty
Third Century Crisis
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117-138 CE
Hadrian's Wall
*
Rome ceases expansion
203 CE
Perpetua's death under
Spetimus Severus'
persecution of Christians
Roman Conquest of Italy
493: Latin League
396: Capture and destruction of Veii
341-338: Latin War, settlement, and Rights
338 BCE
Latin Rights
334-264 BCE
Roman Colonization
defensive installations, source of military manpower, romanization
264-146 BCE
Punic Wars (Rome and Carthage)
First Punic War (265-242)
: Rome victorious; annex Carthaginian Imperial territories (Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica)
Second Punic War (218-202)
: Hannibal; Costly but enormous victory for Rome; annex Spain
Third Punic War (149-146)
: Carthage sacked and destroyed
135 BCE
Sicilian Slave Revolt
under Eunous
88-31 BCE
Civil Wars
Sulla vs Marius (88-81)
: over provincial assignment; Siege of Rome, Sulla's success, dictatorship and reforms (strengthen senatorial aristocracy against citizen body)
Caesar vs Pompey (49-45
): Caesar become dictator, clemency; extreme honors (dictator for life); assassinated 44 BCE
Octavian vs Antony (32-31)
: defense of Caesar and his supreme powers against defenders of old republican norms; struggle for supremacy; Octavian victorious at
Battle of Actium
31 BCE
After Battle of Actium
Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra
Suicides of Antony and Cleopatra in Alexandria
Egypt declared the personal possession of Octavian
Octavian hailed as imperator
559-530 BCE
Cyrus of Persia
597 BCE - 70 CE
Second Temple Period
587-538 BCE
Babylonian Exile
First Human Settlements
(9000 BCE)
West Asia and Mesopotamia
Egypt
Greece
Rome