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4.1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - machining
      - die casting
      - injection moulding
      - laminating
      - extruding
      - pressing
      - stamping
      - turning
    - - Combining subtractive and additive processes does not, by itself, qualify as hybrid manufacture.
      - Machines: a hybrid machine may incorporate two or more types of process.
      - Processes: a hybrid process would, for example, apply both heat and light simultaneously.
      - Materials: hybrid materials are composites but bonded at the nanometre scale.
  - - - four main themes of human-robot co-working:
        
        Level and behaviour of autonomy
        
        Nature of information exchange
        
        The primary medium is characterised by three senses: visual, audio and tactile
        
        visual displays (including VR & AR)
        
        Audio will tend to use natural language
        
        tactile interfaces will use haptics (physical touch)
        
        Structure of the human-robot team
        
        Design and shaping of tasks for human-robot collaborations
    - - Machine-to-machine (m2m) communication includes both wired and wireless connectivity and there is a massive number of protocols for industrial automation.
    - - Commercially-available software can now represent a model of the entire factory
      - For example, the software Tecnomatix™ from Siemens, one of the leaders in Industry 4.0, can be used for 3D simulations of a complete manufacturing cell for the automotive industry.