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Art and Power - Coggle Diagram

- - - - speeches from eminent political figures: collective memory
        
        PM Churchill: uplifting speeches during WW2
        
        retreat troops Dunkirk 1940 presented as victory : We shall fight on the beaches
        
        Blood, toil, tears and sweat
        
        JFK: September 1962: We choose to go to the Moon: public support Apollo program: launch a national effort to win space race (space = new frontier)
    - - ML King leading figure civil rights mvt (fought end segregation, equal rights for AA)
        
        I Have a Dream speech in front of + 200 000 ppl at March Washington for Jobs and Freedom 1963
        
        even + powerful: allusions religion to promote acceptance: appeal to his audience's emotions and beliefs
  - - - can also create division
        
        1968 Enoch Powell (Conservative Member Parliament) : defend idea immigrants = threat to Brits in his Rivers of blood speech
        
        created chasm in Brit society (outraged≠ found excessive his dismissal from government)
      - M Thatcher (became PM 1979): speech 1979 accused strikers (striking to defend rights) responsible fall of economy (resigned 1990 after dire period in Brit eco)
    - - propaganda speeches satirised by Orwell in Animal Farm (1945): allegorical critic Soviet regime
        
        Major (pig) persuades animals rebel ag owners, take control farm
        
        typical use manipulative rhetoric tools: has animals' attention+confidence: doesn't clearly state ideas, deftly leads them to formulate these in their own words => eventually believe Major's ideas are expression of their wishes
- - - - rhetoric: aims convincing audience through use figures speech (+others)
        
        ex: Mark Antony's funeral oration in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar
        
        skilfully praises Caesar as great leader, mourns his loss (presents as detrimental) => appeals to crowd's emotions, turns ppl ag Brutus and conspirators
        
        never explicitly states his opinion (doesn't denounce murderers directly Sure he was an honourable man when speaking bout Brutus), indirectly leads his audience to agree with him
    - - award-winning courtroom dramas (film, tele genre plot revolves around real or fictional legal case, justice systeme)
        
        12 Angry Men (1957) ; Mississipi Burning (1988) ; Philadelphia (1993) : striking + compelling use of language
        
        Philadelphia (Tom Hanks + Denzel Washington): Andy homosexual living with AIDS: fired because of it => sues former employers for discrimination
        
        public trial of homophobic behaviours
        
        contributed increase understanding, empathy for AIDS patients (still discriminated against)
  - - - verbal jousting: type art specific rules
        
        ex: British Parliament: since 80s Queen's speech open parliamentary sessions was met by a jibe (raillerie) from Dennis Skinner (Member) => became tradition, joke expected by politicians and media
      - ex: highly codified rap battles (unprepared verbal fight to prove talent)
        
        movie 8 Mile (2003): rapper Eminem: contributed elevate rap battles to the rank of art
    - - delivering speeches, participating debates require practise
        
        The King's Speech (2010) => King George VI's language therapy to overcome stammer (++ important cause needed to address his ppl)
      - debate clubs, teams (++ popular in Anglosphere, unis, schools)
        
        movie The Great Debaters (2007): importance debate teams in US (Afric-Am team facing Harvard Uni, internatio recogn for debate team)
- - - - ≠ Patriotic poems: Thomas Hardy employed by Brit gov ; glorifies war, soldiers=heroes dedicating thems for nation
      - WW1 : Wilfred Owen denounced atrocities war poems Anthem for Doomed Youth (1917) = loss + mourning
    - - anti-war mvt (60s-70s) opposed to US military interv Vietnam
        
        Give Peace a Chance (1969) The Beatles => became anthem against war V (55->75)
        
        Woodstock festival (1969) : turning point; promoted peace; showcased artists actively campaigned ag war
        
        Joan Baez: political songs (went to VN 1972 report human rights)
    - - Winslow Homer Prisoners from the Front : Homer went to Union front during Civil war ; illustrates ideological rift betw North and South
        
        showed effect war on the home front
  - - - after WW2 cold W : fear communist dictatorship
        
        Gorge Orwell : 1 of strongest opponents to Soviet power
        
        dystopian genre = allowed him to criticise repressive regime
        
        novel 1984 (1949) : policies, techniques used by dictatorship ; Big Brother leader Oceania cult personality, omnipresent (posters, 'telescreens'..)
        
        illustrates merging of propaganda and surveillance in a totalitarian regime
        
        like Ray Bradbury
        
        Fahrenheit 451 (censorship literature)
    - - many denounced harmful consequences colonisation
        
        Chinua Achebe (Nigeria): 1 of the 1st African authors recognised interna
        
        African trilogy (Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, Arrow of God) => disruption Nigerian life, traditions cause arrival Brits + religious missionaries (end 19th)
        
        struggle: Nigerians torn btw origins/colonisers' mode of life
        
        Shonibare (Yinka) Nelson's Ship in a Battle (2010) = British Admiral Nelson: fervent defender slavery, colonialism (18th) => recreated his ship but the sails are made with fabric, patterns associa + African identity
- - - - Satire: used mock, debunk ppl, ideas => Grayson Perry's tapestry The Upper Class at Bay (2012)
        
        uses upper-class codes (mansion..) mocks upper class's complaints gov imposes too many taxes on them
      - ≠ reactionary art: Evelyn Waugh's novel Brideshead revisited mourns decline English aristocracy (set in Oxford Uni)
    - - contemporary art: Ken Loach, Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Ron English.. => discrepancy betw social classes
        
        Ken Loach: socially engaged movies (deal w low paid jobs, unemployment, homelessness, access to welfare..)
        
        denounces failure state provide help: I, Daniel Blake (2016): sick unemployed man fights get employment allowance from state cause can't work anymore
      - Sex Pistols God save the Queen: subversive, provocative version of national anthem to denounce economical situation and misery of a majority of Brits at the time (80s)
  - - - Toni Morrison: leading authors ag racism : 1987 novel Beloved: throws light on lives former slaves after civil war (slavery abolished 1865) => explores issues identity (loss of identity of slaves)
      - Winslow Homer (19th illustrator+painter) : A Visit from the Old Mistress: depicts difficult process of Reconstruction after abolishment slavery
        
        A Garden in Nassau: little black boy looking at a big wealthy house guarded by a wall
      - Keith Haring's lithograph Free South Africa : attacks racial segregation regime of apartheid (K. Haring : first street artist, became pop culture phenomenon, as well as recognized social activist (condemned inequities, social injustices..) => mobilized support ag apartheid, oppression; resembles instruction guide for liberation
      - Sculptor Duane Hanson Policeman and rioter
    - - Winslow Homer depicts strong, robust women (fisherwomen, fisherman wives): the working bees (quote W. H.) Girl with red stockings ; The Fisher Girls ; Inside the Bar ; The Gale (fisherwoman faces elements with baby strapped to her back)
      - feminist figures
        
        Angela Davis (Amrican civil rights activist); radical feminist, contributed development feminist studies; involved in the 017 Women's March on Washington (protested ag Trump as president)
        
        Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale : futuristic dystopian novel : themes: subjugated women in patriarchal society, loss of female agency and individuality, suppression of women's reproductive rights, various means by which women resist and try to gain individuality and independence
        
        outfit taken up by protesters to denounce legislation repressing women's rights (Trump)
        
        Maya Angelou: feminist poems Still I Rise ; Caged Bird ; Phenomenal Woman (portrays female figure describes body parts and reaction men => proud of body, claims it as her own) ; denounces male gaze
- - - - J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye (1951) : met with outrage (although critically acclaimed) when published in US: deals with: identity in formative teen years, includes vulgar language, allusions to sex, smoking, alcohol
        
        defies family values by disrupting good social manners (emphasise society's lack of depth) : first banned from school librairies, teachers not allowed study
    - - D.H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover (affaire btw married upper-class woman and gamekeeper) : explicit use of sexual voc ('fuck') => censored version UK 1932; obscenity trial after Penguin Books published full novel 1960 (victory Penguin = beginning permissive society, sexual revolution un GB)
      - society's dissuasion: E.M. Forster only allowed posthumous publication (written 1913, publ 1971) Maurice: homosexual love (Oscar Wilde convicted because of law banning homosexuality in GB)
  - - - challenge national myths (perpetuated by other artists) : traditional Westerns from 1st half 20th century: myth westward expansion
        
        Americans=pioneers discovering empty lands, 'bringing civilisation'; Native Americans=bloodthirsty savages
        
        ≠ revisionist Western : Arthur Penn's Big Little Man (1970): empathy for N.A. (not animals); US military=savages massacring
        
        challenged Hollywoodian codes of the Western : challenged national myth of expansion
    - - exclusion Japanese-American citizens => concentration camps (after attack Pearl Harbor)
        
        Dorothea Lange: photographs emphasised violence, forceful nature of relocation (photographs impounded by army, anti-Japanese propaganda)
        
        initiated Japanese American activism
      - Keith Haring Ignorance = Fear (Silence = Death; poster, cartoon): denounces misconceptions about AIDS patients (rises up taboos, encourages patients and non-patients to expose the falseness of stereotypes, stop discrimination)
- - - - artists experimented their art form to create new boundaries
        
        Cubism, Futurism, Fauvism, pop art
        
        1914 poetry: Imagism (reject sentiment and discursiveness (typical Romantic, Victorian mvt)) led the way for modernism
        
        Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, T.E. Hulme: focused on fleeting moments (train coming, leaf falling..) => imagist : everything could be beautiful, glorified
        
        short poems of a few lines (brief nature of their subjects) ≠ long lyrical poems Romantic
        
        Dadaism (Dada mvt): developed reaction WW1
        
        artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works
        
        expressed discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism (often radical left-wing)
        
        Max Ernst Ubu Imperator
        
        after WW2: abstract expressionism: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning (subjects of paintings indiscernible)
        
        The Love of Zero R. Florey : experimental short film (with short budget-200$)
        
        John Cage (post war avant-garde) 1952 composition 4'33 (not 4'33 of silence but letting public hear sounds of the environment)
        
        M. Creed Work No. 227: The lights going on and off (every 5 seconds lights go off and on)
        
        Creed's witty, sensorial work subverts the normal spatial and temporal parameters of viewing experience (redirects our attention to the walls)
    - - late 80s UK: YBA (Young British Artists): visual artists (Damien Hirst, Tracey Emin) = move away search beauty in art; shock viewers unpleasant imagery
        
        challenged very def of art (moved away from trad forms (paintings, photos, collages) to performance art, different objects included
        
        Hirst: The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991): dead shark in glass tank (w. formaldehyde) (shark is simultaneously death and life, suspended and silent in its tank)
  - - - pop artists (Andy Warhol) : art further from traditions
        
        criticism consumer society through artworks+everyday objects
        
        questioning nature art: not elitist, elevated, could be involved and revolve around popular culture and everyday life
        
        criticism consumerism: hyperrealist sculptor Duane Hanson portrays everyday life, consumption at the heart of our societies
        
        Campbell's Soup Cans: 32 flavours offered by the brand depicted in 32 cans of soup
    - - polemical
        
        street artist Banksy : NY October 2013: anonymous selling of spray paintings for 60 $ (became much + valuable after reveal he was artist)
        
        deconsecration of art: accessible and consumed by everyone, not just wealthy collectors or museums
      - Banksy 2018: 2006 piece Girl with a Balloon self-shredded while sold at Sotheby's => his art can't be sold at an auction, can't become part of the art business
      - Vorticism: Wyndham Lewis The Crowd : break with traditions: interposes vertical+horizontal elements on flat surface + ppl in crowd as red stick figures appear to be lost (line of sight is broken)