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leaves, external structure, Trichomes affect leaf biology., Structure of…

- - - - Leaf stomata are frequently sunken into epidermal cavities that create a region of nonmoving air (stomatal crypts).
  - - - Along the upper surface of most leaves is a layer of palisade parenchyma
        
        In the lower portion of the leaf is the spongy mesophyll.
  - - - the transition between the stem and lamina.
        
        One, three, five, or more vascular bundles branch from the stem and diverge toward the petiole. (Leaf Traces)
        
        In many species, the petiole bears two small flaps of tissue at its base called stipules.
        
        The arrangement of tissues differs at the two ends.
        
        The epidermis often contains fewer stomata and trichomes.
        
        Petiole mesophyll is rather like the cortex.