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Systems of Immunity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - what most B-lymphos.
        become
      - short lived
        (few days)
      - role
        capable of synthesising +
        secreting specific antibodies
        
        antibodies produced neutralise
        pathogen in A-A reactions
    - - produced by B-cells
        when sensitised
      - can live for
        many years
      - remain inactive unless stimulated
        by presence of same antigen again
        
        secondary immune response
        
        mem cells divide rapidly (already sensitised)
        
        produce vast no. plasma cells
        (go on to produce antibodies)
      - role
        provide long
        term immunity
- - - - destroy infected cells
        
        by attaching to antigens on cell
        membrane (of infected/abnormal cells)
      - destroy by direct
        enzyme action
      - produce perforins
        
        destroy cell surface
        mem of infected cell
        
        cause lysis
        
        cell dies
    - - stimulate other cells in immune response
        
        B-cells = produce plasma cells, produce antibodies)
      - promote process of phagocytosis
        
        attach special chemicals (opsonins) to pathogen
        
        mark out for phagocytes
      - secrete protein interferon
        
        helps limit ability of virus to replicate
      - promote antibody-mediated
        immunity
    - - switch off immune response
        
        after pathogens have been destroyed
      - prevents autoimmune
        response
      - deactivate immune response of
        both B + T-cells
    - - circulate body fluids
      - respond rapidly to future infections
        by same pathogens (w/ same antigens)
      - rapidly produce large clone of
        T-lymphocytes
- - - - killed/weakened pathogens
        
        contain antigens
        
        not cause disease itself
      - modified toxins
        (produced by pathogen)
        
        toxins modified + harmless
        
        antigen properties unimpaired
      - isolated antigens
        
        antigens made genetic engineering
    - - produce SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
        
        no time delay
        
        higher overall antibody level
        
        higher level for longer time
    - - society
        
        fewer sick people
        
        do better at school
        
        less care
      - economy
        
        lower treatment costs
        
        productivity increases
        
        less time off work
- - - - horse serum many diff types
        of antibodies
        (pervious infections + vaccines given to horse)
    - - lymphocytes produce required antibodies
        
        in a fermenter
        
        over a long time period.
      - why cancer cells?
        
        long life qualities
        
        rapid division
      - advantages
        
        produced large quantities
        (faster)
        
        produce single type antibody
        
        less risk infection from animals
        
        more ethically acceptable
        
        mice less close relationship than horse
        
        mouse only 1 injection
        
        antibody not continuously removed from animals
- - - - role
        
        produce ANTIBODIES
        
        which respond to antigens
        
        found in body fluids
  - - - role
        
        respond to ANTIGENS
        
        that are attached to body cells
  - - - B-lymphocytes
        
        genes activated
        
        lead production antibodies
      - T-lymphocytes
        
        types T-cells produced
        
        w/ different roles