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CREATING A WELFARE STATE 1918-79, 1918, THE IMPACT OF WW2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - National insurance was extended from £4 million (1919) to £11.4 million (1921)
      - Benefits were increased
        75P for unemployed men
        60P for unemployed women
        this was low when bus drivers got paid £3
        
        extension of the state was because
        
        the need to support the unprecednently high levels of unemployment
        
        fears that extreme and widespread poverty might lead to revolution (Russian Revolution 1917)
        
        popular desire to help soldiers who had fought and risked their lives for Britain in WW1
      - 1930's
        
        challenges for the unemployed with the 10% cut in unemployment benefit
        
        The National Economy Act (1931)
        
        introduced the means test in order to limit the overall benefits bill
        
        it was detested in the most deprived parts of the country (Tyneside and South Wales) and excerbated hardship for many of the most vunerable
        
        it disqualified 'short-time workers' - the men who done occasional days in colliers or shipyards
        
        They also changed it so that benefits could only be claimed for 6 months - after that you would have to reapply.
        
        All forms of household income were also considered, in relation who what one was entitled too. This meant parents with working children would miss out on the benefit if they lived with them.
        
        and thus working-class children (of a working age) were forced to leave home in order for the parents to get benefit
        
        The Unemployment Act (1934)
        
        it carried on the distinction between short-term and long-term unemployment
        
        it also reversed the 10% cut for the short-term unemployed
        
        After the 6 months when you had to renue it, you were then classed as long-term
        
        the means test is then applicable aswell
        
        this led to large public protests - wales 300,000 protested
        in (1935) the government introduced 'standstill regulations' which suspended the cut
        
        Unemployment 3 million (1923) 1.4 million (1939)
  - - - created child benefit for the first time
      - 5 shillings (25p) a week with the exception to the oldest child
      - significantly it was also payable to the mothers
    - - made unemployment benefits and sickness benefit available to all workers
      - paid a state pension to all men over 65 and all women over 60
      - £1.30 for a single person
      - £2.10 for a married couple
      - essentially ending the means test and this idea of universality became alight
    - - it gave workers the right to compensation for accident and injures in the workplace
      - on average 2,425 people were killed each year at work
      - Mining accounting for over 1/4 of the total number of deaths and injuries at work
    - - offered those to whom were not covered by national insurance as they did not work
      - the homeless, disabled and unmarried women
  - - - Edward Heath
      - it gave pensions rights to 100,000 people who had not been covered by the 1948 National insurance Act
      - increased the child allownace given to mothers
    - - 1964- budget deficit, under wilson meant he couldnt carry out what he wanted. He has to cut welfare spending on things like the military
- - - - (1906-1910) 14.3 in every 1,000 (1936-1938) 12 per 1,000
    - - Middle class women lived 19 years longer and working class
  - - - it passed responsibility for poor law hospitals to country and borough councils
      - gave local authorities responsibility for other areas of public health --> child welfare to density to school meals
      - although it began to organised healthcare, and allowed big forces to give healthcare to everyone, it still wasn't cheap modern healthcare for all
        
        and still those who were rich depended on private practices
        and as the depression rolled in, the most extreme poverty stricken areas led to higher instances of illnesses and even death
  - - - this meant that the older someone got the more advance their medical needs were. by september 1948, 13.6 million prescriptions were disenced.
        
        vaccines roll out also increased
        
        1979 , 8,000 kindey transpalnts a year and 5,000 heart bypass operations
    - - UNDISTRABUTION OF WEALTH --> argued that hospitals received 70% of NHS funding whereas others including GP surgeries received much less - but these got a lot more than services dealing with mental health and it was often regional
- - - - Grammer schools --> this was for children who passed their 11plus , and this was more common in affluent areas but created an opportunity for those in working class families to have a better education
      - Secondary Modern
        
        lowe-middle class children
        
        Fewer resources and less qualified teachers
        
        However there was also close partnerships with local colleges so students could transfer to a vocational course and embark on work placements
      - Technical Schools
        
        Middle classes
        
        scientific or engineering work to create a technocratic class, who could help the country adapt to ever changing modern technology and nuclear power
        
        Fewer were built because of the cost. Their intake was never more than 3% of secondary school students
  - - - included all children, regardless of ability - felt it offered abit of equality into the educational sector
      - they felt the 11+ was very targeted towards those whi had money and quite bias. cmoprehenvise allowed children to transfer to different courses
      - there wasnt many comprehensive schools available - 195 to the nearly 4,000 secondary modern --> and conservatories were not as in favour as labour so when heath came in with maraht thatcher as the minister for education it is no wonder
    - - they wanted to reflect the times in society and culturally
      - wanted to raising the leaving age to 16
      - wanted to create some form of post-16 education and created more technical colleges
        
        attaching the 'highest intellectual caliber' of teachers to post-16 education
        
        Offer things like art and humanities not just vocational
        
        allowing the capable students to take o-levels
    - - 'Half of our future'
      - should be a new focus on researching teaching methods to help[ children who struggle at school
      - focus of sex education to children of a more deprived area
      - More practical subjects should be provided for lower ability pupils and schools shouldn't make those students do exams if its inappropriate
  - - - oxford and cambrige was still the leading privileged middle-class and upper class uni's
      - uni became more accessible to women and the middle class
      - these were nirmally offered by grants or scholarships and many saw the benefit if their offspring having a better future so if not they were happy to sacrifice
    - - basically expand what unis offer. Things like there is too little scientists and engineers so needs to expand subjects also languages like latin
      - also argued for a government expansion of funding
    - - establoshed by wilsons government
      - distance learning --> where people could study from home