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Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene, Chapter 12: DNA technology and…
Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
The structure of genetic material
Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
bacteriophages
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
genetic material
Frederick Griffith
Streptococcu pnenumoniae
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
nucleotide
polynucleotide
sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid
ACTG
RNA
ACUG
DNA is a double stranded helix
double helix
Hershey-Chase experiment DNA stored genetic information
DNA replication
DNA replication depends on specific base pairing
semiconservative model
DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously
DNA polymerases
DNA ligase
Okazaki fragments
mutagens
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins
transcription
translation
Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences
triplet code
codons
The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids
genetic code
Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
RNA polymerase
promoter
terminator
initiation
elongation
termination
anticodon
Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
messenger RNA
RNA splicing
introns
exons
Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
translation
transfer RNAs
anticodons
Ribosomes build polypeptides
ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
An initiation codon marks the star of an mRNA
start codon
P site
A site
elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
stop codon
initiation
elongation
codon recongition
peptide bond
translocation
termination
mutations can affect genes
mutations
silent mutation
missense mutation
nonsense mutations
frameshift mutation
mutagens
The genetics of viruses and bacteria
Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome
virus
caspids
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
prophage
Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants
RNA viruses
vaccines
Emerging viruses threaten human health
emerging viruses
HIV
AIDS
The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template
retrovirus
reverse transcripase
Prions are infectious proteins
prion
bacteria can transfer in three way
transformation
transduction
conjugation
Bacterial plasmids can serve s carriers for gene transfer
F factor
R plasmids
Chapter 12: DNA technology and genomics
Gene cloning and editing
Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids
Biotechnology
DNA technology
GMOs
Recombinant DNA
Gene cloning
plasmids
vector
recombinant DNA
Enzymes are used to "cut and paste" DNA
restriction enzymes and restriction fragments
DNA ligase
Nucleic acid probes can label specific DNA segments
nucleic acid probe
Reverse transcriptase can help make genes for cloning
Complementary DNA (cDNA)
New techniques allow a specific gene to be edited
CRISPR-Cas9
Genetically modified organisms
Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products
DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
human insulin
HGH
DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
vaccines
Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Transgenic organism
The use of genetically modified organisms raises questions and concerns
Human safety
environmental safety
labeling
Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases
gene therapy
DNA Profiling
The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile
DNA fingerprinting
The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequecnce
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
primers
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
gel electrophoresis
Short tandem repeat analysis is used for DNA profiling
repetitive DNA: Short tandem repeats (STRs)
DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigations
Help to solve crime
establish paternity
identify victims
Genomics and Bioinformatics
Small segments of DNA can be sequenced directly
nucleotides
Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes
genomics
The human genome project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of genes
human genome project (HGP)
The whole-genome shotgun method of sequence a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly
whole-genome shotgun sequencing
The field of bioinformatics is expanding our understanding of genomes
bioinformatics
proteomics
Genomes hold clues to human evolution
Chapter 11: How genes are controlled
control of gene expression
proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes
gene expression
gene regulation
operons
regulatory proteins
chromosome structure and chemical modifications can affect gene expression
cells differentiate
epigenetic inheritance
histones
nucleosomes
x chromosome inactivation
Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription
activators
transcription factors
proteins assisting
RNA polymerase
Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way
Alternative RNA splicing
Later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation
breakdown of mRNA
regulatory proteins for translation
protein processing
Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
Junk DNA
Functional RNAs
miRNAs
siRNAs
Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes
Cell signaling and waves of gene expression direct animal development
homeotic gene
Researchers can monitor the expression of specific genes
nucleic acid hybridization
DNA microaaray
Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell
signal cell
target cell
signal transduction pathway
relay protein
cell signaling systems appeared early in the evolution of life
cloning of plants and animals
Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
clone
totipotent
regeneration
biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
nuclear
transplantation
nuclear transplantation
reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
therapeutic cloning
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
The genetic basis of cancer
Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division
cancer
proto-oncogene
oncogene
tumor-suppressor genes
Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer
DNA changes
Cellular changes
Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways
control system
oncogene
tumor suppressor
Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer
Carcinogens