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immune system - Coggle Diagram
immune system
most of infectious diseases of humans are caused by microorganisms
vaccines
(the deliberate induction of protective immunity to a pathogen by the administration of killed or nonpathogenic forms of the pathogen to induce an immune response)
acquired immunity
(alternative term for adaptive immunity; pathogen-specific immunity acquired as a consequence of infection or vaccination)
immunological memory
subsequent encounters with same pathogen elicit stronger and faster adaptive immune response
termination of infection before significant symptoms of disease
commensal microorganisms
(a microorganism that habitually lives on or in the human body, and causes no harm)
microbiota
(entire community of commensal microorganisms inhabiting the body)
pathogens
(infectious microorganisms that cause disease)
there are
4 types
of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
first line of defense
innate immunity
barrier defenses against infection
physical
skin
antimicrobial peptides (inhibit bacteria growth)
hair
nails
mucosa
respiratory tract
urogenital tract
gastrointestinal tract
a state of
inflammation
at sites of infection
recognition that a pathogen is present
soluble proteins & cell surface receptors binding to pathogen or human cell that has been altered
recruitment of effector mechanisms to kill or eliminate pathogen
complement guiding effector cells
cytokines
(any of a large number of small proteins secreted by cells that act locally to change the behavior of neighboring cells once bacteria is detected)
when more than just first line of defense is needed
adaptive immunity
numerous highly selectivity specificities
pluripotent hematopoietic cell
common myeloid cell precursor
monocyte
macrophage
mast cell
granuloocyte precursor cell
eosinophil
irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei, and cytoplasmic granules
basophil
neutrophil
phagocytes
dendritic cell
enter lymph node through afferent lymphatic vesicle
Megakaryocyte-erythroid precursor cell
erythroblast
erythrocyte
Megakaryocyte
platelets
lymphocytes develop in
primary lymphoid tissues
common lymphoid cell precursor
B-cell
dedicated to making immunoglobins in the form of cell-surface antigen receptors
surface immunoglobin
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plasma cells
differentiated B-lymphocyte dedicated to synthesis and secretion of
antibodies
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B-cell development
common T-cell/ILC precursor
Common ILC precursor
ILC 1
ILC 2
Natural Killer cell
ILC 3
LTi
Common T-cell precursor
(T cells originate in the bone marrow, develop in the thymus, and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity)
Common CD4 T-cell precursor
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CD8
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where T-cells develop
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bone marrow
thymus
only lymphocytes bearing receptors that recognize the infecting pathogen are recruited to the adaptive immune response
clonal selection
clonal expantion
proliferation and differentiation of selected lymphocytes
hematopoiesis occurs in
bone marrow
Adaptive immunity is initiated in
secondary lymphoid tissues
lymph nodes
Pathogens and debris are removed by macrophages (in lymph nodes)
T-cell areas
T-cells activated by antigen bearing dendritic cells help B-cells become plasma cells to allow for the secretion of antibodies
some helper and cytotoxic T cells leave in the efferent lymph
efferent lymph
site of infection
lymphoid follicles
B-cell proliferation, selection, maturation, and cell death
germinal center
antibodies secreted by plasma cells leave to efferent lymph
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
lymphoid cells in mucosal epithelia and in the lamina propria beneath
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
adenoids
appendix
tonsils
Peyer's patches
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)