Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Arch100 Module 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dry summers
      - Winter rains
      - Enough precipitation to support woodlands and open park woodlands.
  - - - Wild einkorn wheat in roasting pits, date to 13,000 years ago.
      - Domesticated rye at Abu Hureyra, Syria.
      - Lunate: crescent - shaped bladelet, characteristic Natufian stone tool. Serve as hunting tools, or parts of tools made up of multiple small pieces.
  - - - Wood and brush superstructures support stone walls.
      - Function structures served unclear purpose.
  - - - Single species, gazelle.
      - wide range of undomesticated wild plants.
      - Herd animals weren't domesticated.
    - - Seven plant taxa used: wheat, barley, oats, legumes & flax.
      - Plant foods = packed into fiber containers, which were stored in boulder mortars.
        Mortars = pounding & cooking plants, brew beer based on barley and wheat.
      - Beer = served in ritual feasts ~ 13,000 years ago.
      - Predates domesticated cereal appearance by several millennia.
- - - - Pre - Pottery Neolithic B
        
        6,500 - 8,800 BC
        
        Corresspond to improved climate period.
        
        Farming developed during the Neolithic B period.
        
        Round houses = give way to rectangular houses.
        
        Significant increase in settlement size.
        
        Rectangular houses allow more densely packed sites.
        
        Villages have a high degree of planning.
        
        Regular site layout reflects centralized authority presence.
      - Pre - Pottery Neolithic A
        
        8,800 - 10,000 BC
        
        Late in prolonged dry period.
        
        Earliest evidence of plant domestication seen in the Pre - Pottery Neolithic A period.
        
        Increased settlement size.
        
        First evidence of communal structures appearing.
        
        Jericho Tower = most impressive structure.
        
        9 meters high
        
        Undressed mud brick and stone brick
        
        Attached to the interior of a massive wall.
        
        Houses are circular, but their settlements are larger than Natufian settlements.
  - - - Cereals: barley, einkorn wheat, emmer wheat.
      - Pulses: lentils, peas
      - Legumes: bitter vetch, chick peas
      - Major Domesticated Plants
        
        Wheat (SW Asia)
        
        Barley (SW Asia)
        
        Rice (SE Asia)
        
        Millet (SE Asia)
        
        Maize (Corn) (North America)
        
        Potato (South America)
        
        Cotton (South America)
      - Major Domesticated Animals
        
        Dog dated between ~20,000 and 25,000 years ago (SW Asia, China).
        
        Cow ~8,000 years ago (SW Asia).
        
        Sheep ~7,000 and 8,000 BC (SW Asia).
        
        Goat ~8,000 BC (SW Asia).
        
        Pig ~8,000 BC (SW Asia, China).
        
        Horse ~4,000 - 5,000 BC (Eastern Europe or Western Asia).
- - - - Turkey = probable place where farming spread into Europe.
      - Emphasis on river basins & fertile plains.
      - Farming likely carried by boat across the Aegean Sea to Crete ~9,000 years ago. Farming then spread into the Northern Balkans.
        
        Reaches Danube River & Adriatic coast by ~8,000 years ago.
      - Early Neolithic Agriculture:
  - - - Subsistence supplemented with fishing, hunting, and collecting throughout the Early Neolithic Period.
      - Cardial Ware Ceramics
        
        Edge of a "Cardium" (cockle) shell = used to impress decorations into the vessel's surface before firing.
        
        Characteristic pottery of early west Mediterranean farming communities.
        
        First made ~7,600 years ago.
        
        Preceded by "impressed ware", not decorated by Cardium.
        
        Marks a spread of domesticates & pottery into east Spain and Southern France, which began around 8,000 years ago.
      - Mediterranean Islands & Coasts:
        
        Western Mediterranean: between 7,400 and 8,000 years ago.
        
        South Italy / Sicility: 8,000 years ago.
        
        North Italy: 7,800 years ago.
        
        South France: 7,600 years ago.
        
        South Spain: 7,400 years ago.
        
        Barley, emmer wheat, sheep, and domestic goats.
      - Central Europe: Linearbandkeramik (LBK) cutlure, which is different from Mediterranean culture. Founded between 7,000 and 7,600 years ago (in the Mediterranean).
        
        Founded ater in the British Isles & North Europe (6,000 - 6,300 years ago).
        
        LBK culture characteristics:
        
        Linear - decorated & finely made pottery.
        
        Ceramic sieve (straining milk?)
        
        Adz (celt)
        
        Longhouse communities
        
        Fixed plot horiticulture
        
        Crop rotation & forest grazing.
        
        Digging sticks (no evidence for an ard or a plow).
        
        Small hamlets of up to ~200 people, in multi - site clusters.
        
        LBK longhouses: permanent rectangular wood and thatch houses, which are also pole - built.
        
        Bandkeramik longhouses:
        
        Construction = standardized.
        
        Posthole patterns with long lateral pits where the daub (adobe) for longhouse wattle walls were extracted.
        
        Internal groups of massive timber posts, which are also supported by a pitched roof covered by thatch, that overhung and rested on the side walls.
        
        Northern longhouse end = massively built of split timber planks within a trench.
        
        Whole of the outer wall = occaisionally a timber plank construction.
        
        Extravagant use of such large timbers = respons to the houses' forested location.
        
        Reconstructed Bandkeramik Settlement
        
        Small groups of longhouses = associated with forest clearing cattle pens & fields.
        
        Settlements = appear divided into individual residence posts.
        
        One or two loonghouses in a Bandkeramik settlement at any one time. This is together perhaps which the remains of earlier houses.
        
        Longest houses = appear functionally different.
        
        Long - term occupation for hundreds of years.
        
        Houses ran from 7 meters - 45 meters in length.
    - - Franchthi Cave
        
        Exploitation of local wild barley, peas, lentils and oats by 13,000 years ago.
        
        Near Eastern domesticates = appear by 9,000 years ago.
        
        Barley, emmer wheat, goats, and sheep. Not necessarily full - time farmers.
  - - - Domesticated Central European horses (~5,000 - 6,000 years ago).
      - Wool production (indicated by spindle wheels).
      - Wheeled vehicles (~5,000 - 5,500 years ago).
      - Wooden trackways.
      - Ards ~6,000 years ago.
        
        Ard marks appear under burial mounds.
      - Middle Neolithic Innovations = First extensive use of metals.
- - - - Hunter - Gatherer Villages
      - Domesticated animal
      - Mobile society
  - - - defended village
      - Semi-subterranena house/retangular house
      - Pottery
- - - - Dry stone retaining walls and paved floors.
      - 10 feet deep.
      - Public architecture, did not function as houses.
      - stone bench around retaining wall base.
      - paired limestone monoliths.
    - - contained a pair of T - shaped monoliths in the floor's center.
      - Relief depictions of animals, birds, snakes, spiders, and scorpions.
    - - Larger, curvilinear structures.
        
        Curvilinear monoliths = symmetrically arranged.
        
        Likely older than the smaller & rectangular structures.
      - Smaller, rectangular structures
        
        T - shaped stone pillar megaliths
        
        Created later than the larger structures.
      - Some pillars are argued to represent humans (builders of Gobekli Tepe?)
      - Long occupied use for at least 1,000 years, starting ~11,700 years ago.
  - - - Mud - brick buildings, reinforced with clay - covered wooden piers/collumns, and wooden ceiling beams.
      - Opening in a flat roof = house access using ladder into the main room's cooking area, also vent for cooking fires.
      - Single story houses, varying floor & ceiling heights.
      - Main room of almost every house = decorated, more elaborately decorated main rooms belonged to richer people.
        
        More elaborate houses = have painted plaster wall reliefs of animals.
        
        Animal skulls, tusks, claws, & horns decorated more elaborate houses. Plastered and painted with an iron oxide pigment.
    - - Interior walls paired with red designs, include geometric & figurative human & animal forms.
        
        3 - dimensional sculptures sometimes attached to walls.
        
        Human figures = typically schematic, lack heads.
      - Burials present beneath floors of houses, but not all houses.
        
        1 house = 68 burials.
        
        Burial houses = special locations, perhaps acted as family crypts.
        
        One Catalhoyuk mural = earliest known landscape painting (or very early map?)
        
        Red - and - white plaster painting
        
        Across the bottom of the painting are 80 rectangular cells. Above/behind the cells = double - peaked form, thought to be Hasan Dagi (last erupted around 6,900 BC), a volcano visible to the NE of Catalhoyuk.