Physical assault

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There doesn't need to bean actual threat of violence, just V apprehend violence

Silence can amount to assault

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Wounding needs to break the continuity of the skin

R v Richardson [1998] - D charged with ABH but overturned as "identity of the person" did not include their qualifications, so was fraud

If V does not anticipate personal violence there is no assault

R v Slingsby [1995] - Court held an unforseen and unintended injury from a consensual act meant D was not guilty

Words can amount to assault

MR - intentionally or recklessly inflicting unlawful force or violence on V without their consent

Lawful excuses of using force (defences) are

AR for assault - the V must apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence

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JJC v Eisenhower [1983] - D not guilty of wounding as all V had was a scratch

R v Lamb [1967]

Logdon v DPP [1976]

R v Constanza

R v Ireland [1997]

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reasonable punishment of a child

V consents in some cases

D acts in self defence

D acts to prevent a crime

Subjective recklessness applies to asault

R v Parmenter [1991]